Breast cancer stands as one of the most prevalent malignant tumors among women globally. Chemotherapy， being a crucial element in breast cancer treatment， is frequently linked to diverse side-effects， including alopecia and hand-foot syndrome. These adverse reactions can significantly undermine patients' psychological health and quality of life. In response to this issue， international research has indicated that cooling therapy can effectively decrease the incidence of alopecia； however， 16% to 84% of patients still encounter hair loss. Clinical practice has proven that combining traditional Chinese medicine with chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment can further reduce the incidence of alopecia and hand-foot syndrome， relieve patient discomfort， improve the quality of life， and offer chemosensitizing and efficacy-enhancing effects. Nevertheless， there is a deficiency of standardized protocols in practical applications. To further standardize and optimize clinical practice， a multidisciplinary expert panel consisting of breast oncology specialists， oncological traditional Chinese medicine experts， and nursing science professionals was assembled. After multiple rounds of deliberation and revision， this consensus document was finally formulated. This consensus standardizes Integrative Medicine Cooling Therapy Management from multiple perspectives， such as scope， terminology and definitions， theoretical bases， implementation procedures， characteristic TCM therapies， and efficacy assessment. It especially emphasizes the implementation procedures during chemotherapy and characteristic TCM treatment methods. The document puts forward seven evidence-based recommendations to offer standardized guidance for clinical practice.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the oxycodone-propofol opioid-sparing general anesthesia protocol， which is aided by transversus thoracic muscle plane-pectoral nerves （TTP-PECS） block， in patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery. Methods From September 2023 to August 2024， a total of 60 patients scheduled for breast-conserving surgery were enrolled and randomly allocated to either an opioid-sparing general anesthesia group （group TO， n = 30） or a conventional general anesthesia group （group GA， n = 30）. The mean arterial pressure （MAP） and heart rate （HR） at different time points were precisely recorded. The Numerical Rating Scale （NRS） scores at rest and during movement at 2， 6， 24， and 48 hours post-operatively were meticulously documented. For both groups， the number of patients who required rescue analgesia with flurbiprofen axetil within 48 hours post-operatively， as well as the time to the first request， was accurately recorded. The scores of the 15-item quality of recovery （QoR-15） scale were comprehensively assessed at 24 hours before and after surgery. The incidence of nerve block-related complications （e.g.， puncture site infection， bleeding， pneumothorax， local anesthetic systemic toxicity） in group TO and the number of patients who needed continuous remifentanil infusion were carefully observed. The two groups were also compared regarding the incidence of perioperative adverse events. Results Compared to group GA， group TO exhibited significantly lower MAP and HR at the intraoperative time points T2 and T3 （P < 0.05）. Postoperatively， group TO also had significantly lower NRS scores at rest and during movement， both at 2 hours and 6 hours （P < 0.05）. The rescue analgesia rate within 48 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in group TO than in group GA （P < 0.05）， and the time to first rescue analgesia was significantly later in group TO compared to group GA （P < 0.05）. The QoR-15 score at 24 hours postoperatively was significantly higher in group TO than in group GA （P < 0.05）. No complications related to trans-thoracic paravertebral-pectoral nerve block （TTP-PECS block）， such as puncture site infection， bleeding， pneumothorax， or local anesthetic toxicity， occurred in group TO， and none of the patients in group TO required additional continuous remifentanil infusion for analgesia. The incidence of cough reflex was significantly lower in group TO than in group GA （P < 0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of postoperative adverse events between the two groups （P > 0.05）. Conclusions The administration of TTP-PECS block during oxycodone-propofol opioid-sparing general anesthesia has demonstrated safety and efficacy in breast-conserving surgery. This technique obviates the requirement for intraoperative sufentanil or remifentanil， maintains stable hemodynamics， mitigates the stress response， effectively enhances perioperative analgesia， and improves the quality of early postoperative recovery.

Objective To investigate the short-term efficacy， long-term prognosis， and safety of trastuzumab deruxtecan （T-DXd） combined with the IP chemotherapy regimen （irinotecan + cisplatin） in the treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer， as well as its effects on the serum tumor markers of patients. Methods A prospective， randomized， and controlled study design was employed to enroll 96 patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer who received treatment at the hospital from August 2021 to August 2023. The patients were randomly assigned to the observation group （n = 48， treated with the T-DXd + IP chemotherapy regimen） and the control group （n = 48， treated with the trastuzumab + IP chemotherapy regimen） using the random number table method. The objective response rate （ORR）， disease control rate （DCR）， overall survival （OS）， progression-free survival （PFS）， and 2-year survival rate were compared between the two groups， and the safety of the treatment was assessed. Serum tumor markers ［carbohydrate antigen 724 （CA72-4）， carbohydrate antigen 199 （CA19-9）， carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA）， vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）］， serum inflammatory indicators ［monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）］， and immune response indicators ［soluble programmed death ligand-1 （sPD-L1）， IL-2， interferon-γ （IFN-γ）］ were measured. Results The objective response rate （ORR） of the observation group was 58.33%， which showed no significant difference compared to that of the control group （45.83%） （P > 0.05）. The disease control rate （DCR） in the observation group was 87.50%， which was higher than the 70.83% in the control group （P < 0.05）. After treatment， the levels of carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA）， carbohydrate antigen 19-9 （CA19-9）， carbohydrate antigen 72-4 （CA72-4）， vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） in both groups decreased from the baseline levels （P < 0.05）. Moreover， the above-mentioned levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （P < 0.05）. The incidence rates of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and anemia in the observation group were higher than those in the control group （P < 0.05）， while there was no statistical significance in the incidence rate of cardiac toxicity between the two groups （P > 0.05）. The median progression-free survival （PFS） and median overall survival （OS） were significantly higher in the test group than those in the control group （P < 0.05）， and there were no statistical differences in the 2-year overall survival rate （P > 0.05）. Conclusion T-DXd combined with IP chemotherapy regimen improves the short-term efficacy in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer， reduces the serum levels of tumor markers， VEGF， and MCP-1， and prolongs the median PFS and OS. Although it is associated with an increased risk of hematological and gastrointestinal adverse events， the overall safety is controllable， suggesting that the combined regimen may become a new treatment option for this population.

Objective To explore the efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with FOLFOX standard chemotherapy for the treatment of postoperative patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer and its impact on the median progression-free survival （mPFS）. Methods The clinical data of postoperative patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer admitted to Fuyang People's Hospital from January 2021 to June 2024 were retrospectively collected. Based on the treatment regimens received after surgery， the patients were divided into the combination group （bevacizumab + FOLFOX standard chemotherapy， n = 30） and the chemotherapy group （FOLFOX standard chemotherapy， n = 72）. All patients completed 6 cycles of treatment （with 21 days as 1 cycle）. The therapeutic effects， serum marker levels before and after treatment ［carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA）， carbohydrate antigen 199 （CA199）， platelet count/lymphocyte count ratio （PLR）， lymphocyte count/monocyte count ratio （LMR）， C-reactive protein/albumin ratio （CRP/ALB）］， and toxic and side effects of the two groups were systematically counted， analyzed， and compared. The follow-up survival outcomes were compared （with follow-up conducted once every 3 months until November 1， 2025）. Additionally， the correlation between serum markers and the survival prognosis of patients was analyzed， and Cox regression analysis was employed to screen the prognostic factors of patients. Results The overall efficacy grade of the combined group was superior to that of the chemotherapy group， and the disease control rate （DCR） was higher （P < 0.05）. After treatment， the levels of serum CEA， CA199， PLR， and CRP/ALB in the combined group were lower than those before treatment within the same group and those after treatment in the chemotherapy group （P < 0.05）， whereas the LMR was higher （P < 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of toxic and side effects between the two groups （P > 0.05）. At the end of the follow-up， the combined group exhibited longer average progression-free survival （PFS）， median PFS （mPFS）， average overall survival （OS）， and median OS （P < 0.05）. A total of 102 patients were classified into the progression group （progression or tumor-related death， n = 62） and the non-progression group （surviving during follow-up， n = 40） based on survival prognosis. At the end of treatment， the levels of serum CEA， CA199， PLR， and CRP/ALB in the progression group were higher than those in the non-progression group， while the LMR was lower （P < 0.05）. At the end of treatment for patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer， serum CEA， CA199， PLR， and CRP/ALB were negatively correlated with mPFS and median OS， whereas LMR was positively correlated with mPFS and median OS （P < 0.05）. Cox regression analysis indicated that high CEA and high CRP/ALB were independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer （P < 0.05）， while bevacizumab + FOLFOX chemotherapy and high LMR level were protective factors （P < 0.05）. Conclusions Bevacizumab combined with FOLFOX standard chemotherapy can enhance the disease control rate among postoperative patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer， decrease the expression level of tumor-related factors， and offer a better survival prognosis with controllable adverse reactions when compared with chemotherapy alone.

Objective To conduct a focused investigation on the effect of the TFAM gene on the proliferation and invasion of renal cancer cells. Methods Renal cancer cells ACHN and A704 were transfected with a plasmid for TFAM overexpression， and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. In ACHN and A704 cells， TFAM was knocked down， and cell proliferation， cell cycle， and invasion ability were assessed using CCK8， flow cytometry， invasion， and migration assays. Changes in mRNA and protein levels after TFAM overexpression and knockdown were detected by qPCR and western blot， respectively. qPCR and western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein changes after TFAM overexpression and knockdown， and ChIP-qPCR was performed to explore TFAM target genes. Results After transfection with the plasmid， ACHN and A704 cells exhibited a significant increase in TFAM expression compared to the control group， and the apoptosis of cells in the high TFAM expression group was significantly reduced. When TFAM was knocked down in ACHN and A704 cells， TFAM levels were significantly lower than those in the control group， and the proliferation and invasion abilities of cells with low TFAM expression were significantly decreased compared to the control group. High expression of TFAM enhanced the proliferation ability of renal cancer cells， while low expression of TFAM inhibited the proliferation and invasion abilities of the cells. TFAM can target and regulate CDC25B and CCNE2， and it may promote renal cancer cell proliferation by activating CDC25B and CCNE2. Conclusion TFAM can promote the proliferation and invasion of renal cancer cells.

Objective To observe the alterations in the clinical condition and biomechanical parameters of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis （KOA） treated with manipulation， and to explore the mechanism underlying the clinical biomechanical effect of manipulation on KOA. Methods Sixty-two eligible subjects with KOA in the medial compartment were recruited from the Orthopedic Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shi's Trauma Center of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The control group received basic therapy for 8 weeks， whereas the experimental group was treated with Shi's "eight methods of regulating muscles and bones and treating knees"， with each session lasting 20 minutes， twice a week for 8 weeks. The Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index （WOMAC） scores were employed to assess the subjects' conditions before and after the intervention. The VICON 3D gait analysis system and NORAXON wireless surface electromyograph were utilized to collect gait parameters in terms of time-space， kinematics， dynamics， and motor aspects. Results Compared with the control group， there were statistically significant differences in pain， stiffness， function， and total score between the observation group and the control group （P < 0.05）. In terms of time-space parameters， the observation groups showed significant differences in step size （P < 0.05）. The peak angles of internal rotation and external rotation of the control group before and after the intervention were statistically significant （P < 0.05）， and the same was true for the observation group before and after the intervention （P < 0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in the kinetic parameters between the two groups before and after the intervention （P > 0.05）. There were significant changes in the parameters of VMM/MG and VM/ST in the early and middle supporting phases after the intervention in the observation group （P < 0.05）. Conclusion Based on the application of Hot Compress No.1， Shi's traumatology manipulation can significantly improve the condition of patients with medial compartment KOA. Meanwhile， the spatio-temporal， kinematic， dynamic， and motor parameters related to the knee joints of the lower limbs are improved to a certain extent. This suggests that the previously deteriorated biomechanical environment has been improved， revealing part of the biomechanical mechanism of manipulation in treating KOA.

Objective To identify alternative diagnostic indicators for adult developmental dysplasia of the hip （DDH） and establish a radiographically?based combinatorial evaluation method when the center?edge （CE） angle is unmeasurable. Methods This retrospective case?control study included 59 DDH patients （101 hips） and 33 controls （66 hips）. Radiographic parameters?the CE angle， acetabular roof angle （ACM angle）， Sharp angle， acetabular roof obliquity （ARO）， and neck?shaft angle （NSA）?were measured. Binary logistic regression identified independent predictors， and receiver operating characteristic （ROC） analysis determined optimal thresholds. A diagnostic model was implemented as a desktop application. Results Developmental dysplasia of the hip exhibited significant differences in acetabular roof obliquity， ACM angle， Sharp angle， and NSA （P < 0.05）. The ACM angle （OR = 0.297， 95% CI： 0.152 - 0.579） and Sharp angle （OR = 2.964， 95% CI： 1.577 - 5.572） were identified as independent predictors. The combined model achieved an area under the curve （AUC） of 0.995 （95% CI： 0.989 - 1.000）， surpassing individual parameters （P < 0.05）， with a cutoff value of 0.760 （98.1% sensitivity， 95.5% specificity）. Conclusion The ACM?Sharp angle model effectively diagnoses developmental dysplasia of the hip with high clinical utility. Integrated software facilitates implementation.

Objective To investigate the factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes （APO） and the changes in serum Meteorin-like protein （Metrnl） levels in pregnant women with hypertriglyceridemia （HTG） during late pregnancy. Methods From October 2023 to March 2025， 260 women in late pregnancy were recruited and then divided into an HTG group （n = 113） and a non-HTG group （n = 147）. General characteristics， serum Metrnl levels， clinical indicators， and the incidence of APO were compared between the two groups. Subsequently， risk factors for APO were further analyzed. Results The HTG group exhibited significantly higher incidences of APO， adverse maternal outcomes， and gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） when compared to the non-HTG group （P < 0.05）. Serum Metrnl and HDL-C levels were notably lower in the HTG group （P < 0.05）， whereas TG， FPG， UA， TyG， TYG-BMI， and UA-S/D were significantly higher （P < 0.05）. TG was recognized as an independent risk factor for APO （OR = 1.426）； Low serum Metrnl levels were independent risk factors for APO， adverse maternal outcomes， and GDM among all pregnant women （OR = 0.997； 0.998； 0.997）， as well as specifically in the HTG group （OR = 0.994； 0.995； 0.993）. The area under the curve （AUC） for predicting APO in the HTG group using serum Metrnl levels was 0.632 （P < 0.05）； The AUC for predicting APO in the HTG group using the combination with pregnancy risk assessment was 0.758 （P < 0.05）. Conclusions Patients with HTG in late pregnancy are at a higher risk of experiencing APO， especially adverse maternal outcomes and GDM. Reduced serum Metrnl levels serve as an independent risk factor for APO， adverse maternal outcomes， and GDM in these pregnant women. The combination of serum Metrnl levels with pregnancy risk assessment demonstrates predictive value for APO in patients with HTG.

Objective To investigate the effects of Xiaozhong Zhitong Mixture （XZZT） on oxidative stress and inflammatory injury in rats with diabetic ulcers through the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Methods A total of one hundred specific-pathogen-free （SPF）-grade male sprague-dawley （SD） rats were randomly allocated into five groups： a control group， a model group， an XZZT group， an AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK） inhibitor （Compound C， CC） group， and an XZZT + CC group. Except for the rats in the control group， diabetic ulcer models were established through a high-fat and high-sugar diet， intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin， and full-thickness skin excision. After successful model establishment， the rats in the XZZT and XZZT + CC groups were administered XZZT via gavage at a dosage of 1 mL/（100 g·d）， whereas the rats in the control， model， and CC groups received an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution once daily. The rats in the CC and XZZT + CC groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mg/kg of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C once. Tissue samples were collected on the 7th and 14th days after the intervention. The wound conditions were observed， the wound area was measured， and the healing rate was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed to examine the pathological changes in the granulation tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was conducted to detect the levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the wound tissues. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content was measured using the thiobarbituric acid method， and the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was determined by the hydroxylamine method. Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the protein expression of AMPK， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， sirtuin 1 （SIRT1）， nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB）， and phosphorylated NF-κB （p-NF-κB）. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） was applied to measure the mRNA expression levels of AMPK， SIRT1， IL-6， and TNF-α. Results When compared to the control group， the model group demonstrated elevated levels of IL-6， TNF-α， MDA， p-NF-κB protein， as well as IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA， accompanied by a decrease in the IL-10 level， SOD activity， p-AMPK/AMPK ratio， and SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression on days 7 and 14 （P < 0.01）. In comparison with the model group， the XZZT group presented a higher wound healing rate， IL-10 level， SOD activity， p-AMPK/AMPK ratio， and SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression， along with lower levels of IL-6， TNF-α， MDA， p-NF-κB protein， and IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA （P < 0.01）. Conversely， the CC group exhibited opposite trends （P < 0.05）. When compared to the XZZT group， the XZZT + CC group showed increased levels of IL-6， TNF-α， MDA， p-NF-κB protein， and IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA， and a reduced wound healing rate， IL-10 level， SOD activity， p-AMPK/AMPK ratio， and SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression （P < 0.01）. Conclusion Xiaozhong Zhitong Mixture may alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory injury， thereby accelerating diabetic ulcer healing in rats. This effect is possibly achieved by activating the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway and suppressing NF-κB phosphorylation.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of Sini powder combined with Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli decoction in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） accompanied by circadian rhythm disorder. Methods A total of 102 patients diagnosed with PCOS and comorbid circadian rhythm disorder， who received treatment at Shanxi Bethune Hospital from March 2023 to March 2025， were randomly assigned to either an observation group or a control group using a random number table， with 51 cases in each group. The control group received Diane-35 along with lifestyle intervention， whereas the observation group was additionally treated with modified Sini powder combined with Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli decoction. Both groups underwent treatment for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. Moreover， changes in traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores， endocrine hormones， glucose and lipid metabolism indices， sleep quality， and circadian rhythm indicators were evaluated both before and after the treatment. Adverse reactions were also documented. Results The total effective rate in the observation group （96.08%） was significantly higher than that in the control group （80.39%） （P < 0.05）. After treatment， the observation group showed lower scores of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） syndromes， luteinizing hormone （LH）， LH/follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） ratio， testosterone （T）， anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）， fasting blood glucose （FBG）， fasting insulin （FINS）， homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）， triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， cortisol （COR）， and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI） scores compared to the control group （P < 0.05）. In contrast， the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） and melatonin （MT） were higher in the observation group than in the control group （P < 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the observation group （3.92%） and the control group （5.88%） （P > 0.05）. Conclusion Sini powder combined with Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli decoction can effectively regulate sex hormone disorders， improve insulin resistance and abnormal lipid metabolism， and restore the normal sleep-wake rhythm.

Objective To explore the facilitative effect of optimizing the mechanical microenvironment of the bone tunnel on tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament （ACL） reconstruction， and its regulatory correlation with the Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 （TAK1）/Nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB）/Mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathway. Methods A rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament （ACL） reconstruction was established and randomly allocated into four groups： the normal control （NC） group， the conventional forward drilling without bone grafting （FD） group， the forward drilling plus bone grafting （FD + BG） group， and the reverse drilling plus bone grafting （RD + BG） group. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was carried out to observe the histomorphological changes at the tendon-bone interface. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR） was utilized to detect the messenger ribonucleic acid （mRNA） expressions of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was applied to measure the concentrations of the angiogenesis-related factor vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and the tissue repair factor transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the protein expressions of osteogenic factors osteocalcin （OCN）， osteopontin （OPN）， and key proteins in the TAK1/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. Results Histomorphological findings indicated that the RD + BG group achieved the most optimal tendon-bone interface fusion， characterized by dense and mature newly-formed bone trabeculae. When compared with the FD + BG group， the RD + BG group showed significantly downregulated mRNA expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α， remarkably upregulated levels of VEGF， TGF-β1， along with protein expressions of OCN and OPN， and notably decreased phosphorylation ratios of key proteins in the TAK1/NF-κB/MAPK pathway （p-TAK1/TAK1， p-p65/p65， p-p38/p38） （P < 0.05）. Conclusion Optimization of the bone tunnel mechanical microenvironment （RD + BG） can effectively balance local inflammatory responses， precisely upregulate the expressions of repair-related and osteogenic factors， and consequently accelerate tendon-bone healing after ACL reconstruction. This process might be closely associated with the activation changes of the TAK1/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway， offering novel experimental evidence for the clinical refinement of ACL reconstruction surgery.

Objective To explore the value of constructing a nomogram based on the combined X-ray and MRI imaging characteristics for predicting the risk of early non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） collapse. Methods Clinical， X-ray， and MRI data from 149 early-stage NONFH patients （237 hips） at two medical centers were collected and then divided into training and validation cohorts. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were carried out to pinpoint independent predictors of femoral head collapse. Single-factor and multi-factor predictive models for 3-year and 5-year outcomes were developed. The performance of the models was evaluated using the area under the curve （AUC）， and the consistency of the models was assessed using the concordance index （C-index）. The optimal model was chosen for nomogram construction. Internal validation was carried out with the training cohort， and external validation was performed using the validation cohort. Results A total of 159 hips from center 1 and 78 hips from center 2 were incorporated into the study. Multivariate Cox regression analysis pinpointed the JIC classification （HR = 37.78， 95%CI： 4.631 - 308.15， P < 0.001）， joint effusion （HR = 1.613， 95%CI： 1.037 - 2.509， P = 0.034）， and necrosis index （HR = 1.016， 95%CI： 1.003 - 1.028， P = 0.012） as independent predictors of femoral head collapse. Both internal and external validations verified that the combined model for 3-year and 5-year prediction displayed superior performance， enhanced accuracy， and increased net benefit. Calibration curves revealed a good concordance between the risk probabilities predicted by the nomogram and the actual observed outcomes. Conclusion The nomogram constructed on the basis of X-ray and MRI imaging features can effectively predict the risk of femoral head collapse in patients with NONFH， offering crucial guidance for the formulation of individualized clinical intervention strategies.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of combining single-use negative pressure wound therapy （sNPWT） with ultrasound debridement （UD） for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers （DFU） in an outpatient setting. Methods Sixty diabetic foot patients admitted to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Department of Shandong Second Medical University Affiliated Hospital between June 1， 2024， and June 30， 2025， were enrolled. Based on the actual treatment recorded in their medical records， they were divided into three groups （n = 20）： conventional therapy group （control group 1）， sNPWT group （control group 2）， and combined UD + sNPWT group （experimental group）. All patients received standard hypoglycemic and anti-infective therapy. Control group 1 received traditional surgical debridement with routine dressing changes. Control group 2 received traditional surgical debridement plus sNPWT. The experimental group received UD combined with sNPWT. The primary efficacy endpoints （wound area reduction rate， change in sinus tract depth， ulcer healing rate） and secondary endpoints （pain score， quality of life， C-reactive protein levels） were assessed among the three groups at 1， 2， and 4 weeks after treatment initiation. Results Primary efficacy endpoints： After 4 weeks， the wound reduction rate in the experimental group （69.16 ± 2.33） % was significantly higher than that in control group 1 （53.33 ± 2.27） % and control group 2 （58.47 ± 2.15） % （P < 0.05）. The sinus tract depth in the experimental group decreased to （0.47 ± 0.19） cm， significantly shallower than that in control group 1 ［（0.88 ± 0.40） cm］ and control group 2 ［（0.69 ± 0.32） cm］ （P < 0.05）. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 95.0% in both the experimental group and control group 2， significantly higher than the 65.0% in control group 1 （P < 0.05）. Secondary endpoints： The experimental group exhibited the lowest VAS pain score （2.05 points） and Wound-QoL score （26.65 points） among all groups （both P < 0.05）. Quality of life improvements were significantly greater than in control group 2 from week 2 onward （P < 0.05）. The C-reactive protein level in the experimental group ［（2.45 ± 0.36） mg/L］ at 4 weeks was significantly lower than that in control group 1 ［（2.86 ± 0.51） mg/L］ （P < 0.05）. Conclusion The combination of sNPWT and UD， applied for the first time in an outpatient setting for diabetic foot treatment， promotes wound healing， reduces pain， improves quality of life， and suppresses inflammatory factors in patients with DFU.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum melatonin （MT） and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 （IGFBP3） levels in patients with age-related cataract （ARC）. Methods This study enrolled 240 ARC patients who underwent surgery at our hospital from October 2023 to January 2025 as the ARC group， and 187 healthy individuals undergoing physical examinations during the same period as the control group. Serum MT and IGFBP3 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on a 6-month postoperative follow-up， ARC patients were stratified into good and poor prognosis groups for prognostic factor analysis. Receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of serum MT， IGFBP3， and their combination. Results Compared with the control group， ARC patients exhibited significantly lower serum MT levels and higher IGFBP3 levels （P < 0.05）. For diagnosing ARC， the area under the ROC curve （AUC） was 0.817 for MT， 0.792 for IGFBP3， and 0.907 for their combination， with corresponding sensitivities of 76.67%， 60.00%， and 83.75%， and specificities of 73.80%， 85.03%， and 83.96%. The combined detection demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared with either marker alone （P < 0.05）. The poor prognosis rate among ARC patients was 30.83% （74/240）. Multivariate logistic regression identified lens nuclear hardness grade Ⅳ—Ⅴ （OR = 4.632， 95%CI： 1.702 - 12.609， P = 0.003）， elevated intraocular pressure （OR = 1.341， 95%CI： 1.123 ~ 1.601， P = 0.001）， and increased IGFBP3 levels （OR = 1.001， 95%CI： 1.001 - 1.002， P < 0.001） as independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conversely， greater subfoveal choroidal thickness （OR = 0.978， 95%CI： 0.964 - 0.991， P = 0.001） and higher MT levels （OR = 0.667， 95%CI： 0.577 - 0.771， P < 0.001） were independent protective factors. For prognostic evaluation， the AUCs were 0.836 for MT， 0.821 for IGFBP3， and 0.919 for their combination， with sensitivities of 58.11%， 91.89%， and 85.14%， and specificities of 92.77%， 54.82%， and 83.73%， respectively. The combined evaluation showed superior predictive value compared with either marker alone （P < 0.05）. Conclusion Decreased serum MT and elevated IGFBP3 levels are associated with ARC and its poor prognosis. The combined assessment of both biomarkers provides higher diagnostic accuracy and prognostic predictive value for ARC.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy （rESWT） applied with the ankle in different positions for treating triceps surae spasticity after stroke， and to provide evidence for optimizing treatment protocols. Methods A prospective， randomized， single-blind （assessor-blinded）， controlled design was employed. A total of 58 patients admitted to the hospital between June 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the experimental group （n = 29， ankle dorsiflexion position） or the control group （n = 29， ankle relaxation position）. Both groups received conventional rehabilitation therapy combined with extracorporeal shock wave treatment. Assessments were conducted at four time points： before treatment initiation （T₀）， on the final day of treatment （T₁）， at 2 weeks post-treatment （T₂）， and at 4 weeks post-treatment （T₃）. The outcome measures included the Composite Spasticity Scale （CSS） for the ankle， 10-Meter Walk Test time （10MWT）， step frequency， the Modified Ashworth Scale （MAS）， passive range of motion （PROM） of the ankle， and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower extremity motor function （FMA-L）. Results The comparative analysis of intervention effects between the experimental and control groups revealed the following key findings： （1）CSS scores decreased significantly over time， with the experimental group showing markedly lower scores than the control group at both mid-term （T₂） and late-term （T₃） assessments （P < 0.01）， and a greater overall improvement （5.65 points vs. 3.17 points， P = 0.003）. （2）The 10MWT results demonstrated a consistent improving trend in both groups， although the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group at T₂ （P < 0.01）， with a more pronounced overall improvement （7.76 s vs. 6.38 s）. （3）Step frequency increased over time， with the experimental group exhibiting higher values than the control group at both T₂ and T₃ （P < 0.05）， and a greater magnitude of improvement （15.41 steps/min vs. 11.31 steps/min）. （4）MAS scores indicated that spasticity relief in the experimental group was superior to that in the control group during the early and mid-term phases （T₁， T₂） （P < 0.01）； however， the control group showed lower scores at T₃ （P < 0.05）. （5）PROM assessment revealed that ankle dorsiflexion range of motion improvement in the experimental group was significantly better than that in the control group at all time points （all P < 0.001）， with a greater overall increase （7.65° vs. 4.76°）. （6）FMA-L scores similarly demonstrated that motor function in the experimental group was superior to that in the control group at all assessed time points （all P < 0.001）， with a larger overall improvement （1.62 points vs. 0.55 points）. Conclusions rESWT combined with conventional rehabilitation effectively alleviates ankle spasticity and improves gait and motor function in post-stroke patients. Administering rESWT with the ankle in a dorsiflexed position yields superior therapeutic effects on a comprehensive set of functional outcomes compared to a relaxed ankle position. Therefore， the dorsiflexion position is recommended as the preferred posture for clinical application of rESWT in this patient population.

Objective To compare the effects of remimazolam and dexmedetomidine on postoperative hyperalgesia and the inflammatory-oxidative stress response in elderly patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate， aiming to provide evidence for clinical anesthetic drug selection. Methods A total of 210 elderly patients with BPH who were scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate at The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China from September 2024 to September 2025 were selected. By using a random number table， the patients were randomly divided into a control group （n = 105） and an observation group （n = 105）. The control group received an infusion of dexmedetomidine at a rate of 1.5 μg/（kg·h）， whereas the observation group was given an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg/kg remimazolam. After anesthetic induction， both groups had their infusions adjusted to a continuous rate of 0.5 μg/（kg·h）. The quality of recovery at 24 h and 48 h post-operatively was assessed using the 15-item Quality of Recovery scale （QoR-15）， and cognitive function was evaluated preoperatively and on the third postoperative day using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment （MoCA）. The mechanical pain threshold （MPT） was measured preoperatively and at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale （NRS） at 4， 12， 24， and 48 h postoperatively， and the total postoperative fentanyl consumption was recorded. Inflammatory markers including Tumor Necrosis Factor （TNF）-α， Interleukin （IL）-6， IL-17A， Interferon （IFN）-γ， IL-10， and High Mobility Group Box （HMGB） 1， as well as oxidative stress markers such as Superoxide Dismutase （SOD）， Glutathione Peroxidase （GSH-Px）， Catalase （CAT）， and Malondialdehyde （MDA） were measured before anesthesia （T?）， at the end of surgery （T?）， and at the end of anesthesia （T?）. The safety of the treatments was evaluated. Results Compared with the control group， the observation group exhibited significantly higher QoR-15 scores and MPT values at 24 h and 48 h post-operatively， as well as a higher MoCA score on the third postoperative day. Additionally， the observation group had significantly lower resting NRS scores at 4， 12， 24， and 48 h post-operatively， along with lower total fentanyl consumption. At T? and T?， the observation group showed significantly lower serum levels of TNF-α， IL-6， IL-17A， IFN-γ， HMGB1， and MDA， while the levels of IL-10， SOD， CAT， and GSH-Px were significantly higher （P < 0.05）. In terms of safety evaluation， the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was significantly lower in the observation group （P < 0.05）. Conclusions For elderly patients with BPH who are undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate， remimazolam， when compared to dexmedetomidine， more effectively enhances the quality of postoperative recovery， safeguards postoperative cognitive function， relieves hyperalgesia and postoperative pain， decreases opioid consumption， exhibits superior suppression of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress， and is linked to a lower incidence of hemodynamic adverse events. Therefore， it can be regarded as a more ideal anesthetic option for this type of surgery.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided trigger point dry needling combined with high-intensity laser therapy （HILT） in the treatment of neck type cervical spondylopathy （NTCS）. Methods Seventy NTCS patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to two groups （n = 35）. The experimental group （Group T） received ultrasound-guided trigger point dry needling combined with HILT， while the control group （Group C） received the same needling procedure combined with sham laser therapy. Both groups underwent two treatment sessions during hospitalization， with a 5-day interval. Outcomes were assessed at multiple time points： before treatment （T₀）， immediately after the first acupuncture （T₁）， 24 h （T₂） and 48 h （T₃） post-first acupuncture， and at 1 （T₅）， 4 （T₆）， and 12 （T₇） weeks after treatment completion. The primary pain outcomes were the Numerical Rating Scale （NRS） and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 （SF-MPQ-2）. Secondary outcomes included cervical range of motion （CROM， assessed at T₀ and 1 day post-treatment ［T₄］）， the Neck Disability Index （NDI， at T₀， T₄， T₅， T₆， T₇）， the Athens Insomnia Scale （AIS） and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale （HADS） scores （at T0 and T6）. Patient satisfaction， analgesic consumption during treatment， and adverse events were also recorded. Results Compared to baseline （T₀）， both groups showed significant improvements in NRS， SF-MPQ-2， and NDI scores at all post-treatment time points （P < 0.05）， increased CROM at T₄ （P < 0.05）， and reduced AIS and HADS scores at T₆ （P < 0.05）. Compared to Group C， Group T demonstrated significantly lower NRS and SF-MPQ-2 scores at T₂， T₃， T₅， T₆， and T₇ （P < 0.05）； greater lateral bending CROM at T₄ （P < 0.05）； lower NDI scores at T₆ and T₇ （P < 0.05）； and a lower AIS score at T₆ （P < 0.05）. Furthermore， Group T reported higher post-treatment satisfaction （P < 0.05） and required less imrecoxib （P < 0.05）. No significant between-group differences were observed in other indicators （P > 0.05）， and no serious adverse reactions were reported. Conclusion For patients with NTCS， ultrasound-guided trigger point dry needling combined with HILT is more effective than needling combined with sham laser in alleviating post-needling soreness（PNS） and primary neck pain， improving cervical lateral bending range of motion and function， enhancing sleep quality， and reducing the need for analgesic medication.

Objective To investigate the role of cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes （CREG） in alleviating lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced sepsis-induced acute lung injury（S-ALI） by regulating the PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin pathway to promote mitophagy. Methods Alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S was treated with LPS at concentrations of 1， 5， 10， and 15 μg/mL. Cell viability was detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） assay， while CREG protein and mRNA expressions were measured via Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）. The 5 μg/ml LPS concentration was selected for subsequent experiments due to its ability to induce the highest cell viability. MH-S cells were divided into four groups： Normal group， LPS group， LPS + pLNCX2-CREG group， and LPS + pSM2-siCREG group. Except for the Normal group， all other groups were exposed to 5 μg/mL LPS. The LPS + pLNCX2-CREG group and LPS + pSM2-siCREG group were transfected with pLNCX2-CREG plasmid and pSM2-siCREG plasmid， respectively， after LPS treatment， while the Normal and LPS groups received no transfection. Lysosomal activity was assessed using the Lyso-Tracker Red fluorescent probe. The expressions of cluster of differentiation （CD） 86 and CD206 were detected by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kits were used to measure the levels of interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-6， IL-10， C-reactive protein （CRP）， reactive oxygen species （ROS）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） in each group. Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to determine the protein and mRNA expressions of CREG， PINK1， and Parkin. Results Compared with the 1 μg/mL LPS group， the MH-S cell viability in the 5 μg/mL LPS group was significantly increased （P < 0.05）. In contrast， cell viability was remarkably decreased in the 10 μg/mL and 15 μg/mL LPS groups compared with the 5 μg/mL LPS group， with the lowest viability observed in the 15 μg/mL LPS group （P < 0.05）. The protein and mRNA expressions of CREG were significantly higher in the 5 μg/mL LPS group than in the 1 μg/mL LPS group （P< 0.05）， but were notably reduced in the 10 μg/mL and 15 μg/mL LPS groups compared with the 5 μg/mL LPS group （P < 0.05）. Compared with the Normal group， the LPS group exhibited decreased lysosomal quantity， CD206 expression， SOD activity， and the protein/mRNA expressions of CREG， PINK1， and Parkin， along with increased CD86 expression， levels of IL-1β， IL-6， IL-10， CRP， ROS， and MDA （all P < 0.05）. Compared with the LPS group， the LPS + pLNCX2-CREG group showed significantly elevated lysosomal quantity， CD206 expression， IL-10 level， SOD activity， and the protein/mRNA expressions of CREG， PINK1， and Parkin， as well as reduced CD86 expression and levels of IL-1β， IL-6， CRP， ROS， and MDA （all P<0.05）. Conversely， compared with the LPS + pLNCX2-CREG group， the LPS + pSM2-siCREG group displayed decreased lysosomal quantity， CD206 expression， IL-10 level， SOD activity， and the protein/mRNA expressions of CREG， PINK1， and Parkin， along with increased CD86 expression and levels of IL-1β， IL-6， CRP， ROS， and MDA （all P < 0.05）. Conclusion Overexpression of CREG enhances lysosomal activity and exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These findings suggest that CREG alleviates LPS-induced sepsis-induced lung injury by activating the PINK1/Parkin pathway to promote mitophagy.

Objective To identify prognostic factors in children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia （SMPP） using lung ultrasound and clinical indicators， and to construct and evaluate a nomogram-based predictive model. Methods A total of 527 children with SMPP treated at Bijie Hospital of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between January 2021 and December 2024 were enrolled and randomly allocated into a training set （n = 368） and a testing set （n = 159） in a 7∶3 ratio. The training set was categorized into good prognosis group （n = 315） and poor prognosis group （n = 53） based on the children's post-treatment conditions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the correlation between patients' lung ultrasound and clinical indicators； receiver operating characteristic （ROC）， calibration curve， and decision curve analysis （DCA） were used to evaluate the constructed nomogram predictive model. Results The poor prognosis group had a longer duration of fever at admission， higher proportion of high fever， higher white blood cell （WBC） count， higher absolute neutrophil count， D-dimer， higher lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， larger consolidation size to body surface area ratio （consolidation size/BSA）， liquid-bronchogram sign， and higher proportion of pleural effusion compared to the good prognosis group （P < 0.05）， while only the air-bronchogram sign was lower in the poor prognosis group （P < 0.05）； the duration of fever during treatment， absolute neutrophil count， DD dimer， LDH levels， and pleural effusion were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in SMPP children. The area under the curve （AUC） for the training set was 0.926 （95%CI： 0.870 - 0.982）， and for the test set was 0.957 （95%CI： 0.882 - 1.000）. Calibration curve and DCA curve assessment of the nomogram predictive model showed it had high consistency and clinical application value. Conclusion The duration of fever during treatment， absolute neutrophil count， DD dimer， LDH levels， and pleural effusion are independent risk factors for poor prognosis in children with SMPP， and the constructed nomogram predictive model has good predictive performance.

Objective To explore the influence of different endometrial preparation regimens for elderly patients on the pregnancy outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 504 elderly patients （aged 35 ~ 45 years） who underwent frozen-thawed embryo transfer after receiving IVF or ICSI-assisted pregnancy at Henan Provincial Reproductive and Obstetrics Hospital from April 2022 to April 2025. These patients were divided into the natural cycle （NC） group （n = 102）， hormone replacement cycle （HRT） group （n = 268）， and down-regulation-hormone replacement （GnRH-a + HRT） group （n = 134） according to the transfer strategy. The clinical pregnancy rate， continuous pregnancy rate， miscarriage rate， and biochemical pregnancy rate of the three patient groups were compared， and the risk factors influencing clinical pregnancy were analyzed. Results （1） There were no statistically significant differences among the three groups of patients regarding age， anti-Mullerian hormone （AMH）， body mass index （BMI）， duration of infertility， fertilization method， and type of transplanted embryo （P > 0.05）. The endometrial thickness on the transplantation day in the GnRH-a + HRT group was greater than that in the NC group and the HRT group， and this difference was statistically significant （P < 0.05）. （2） Both the clinical pregnancy rate and the sustained clinical pregnancy rate in the GnRH-a + HRT group were higher than those in the NC group and the HRT group， and the differences were statistically significant （P < 0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in the miscarriage rate and biochemical pregnancy rate among the three groups （P > 0.05）. （3） The results of multivariate Logistic regression analyses indicated that increased age was a risk factor for clinical pregnancy （OR = 0.896， P < 0.05）， whereas increased endometrial thickness and high AMH level were protective factors for clinical pregnancy （OR = 1.171， 1.089， respectively， P < 0.05）. Transplantation type and transplantation protocol are independent risk factors for clinical pregnancy in elderly patients. Conclusions For elderly patients， the GnRH-a + HRT regimen is capable of enhancing endometrial receptivity， elevating the clinical pregnancy rate， and improving pregnancy outcomes. Therefore， GnRH-a + HRT can serve as an effective endometrial preparation protocol for frozen-embryo transfer （FET） in elderly patients.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of indocyanine green fluorescent staining method for thoracoscopic anatomical lung segmentectomy. Methods Patients who underwent thoracoscopic anatomical lung segmentectomy in our hospital from January 2024 to May 2025 were divided into experimental group （n = 112） and control group （n = 98）. Patients in the experimental group were adopted the indocyanine green fluorescent staining method in defining the intersegmental plane. Patients in the control group were adopted inflation-deflation method. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in sex， age， smoking history， COPD history， target lung segment， size of pulmonary nodules， CTR value of pulmonary nodules and nature of pulmonary nodules （P > 0.05）. Surgery and complications in both groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results Surgery： Intraoperative blood loss ［（74.2 ± 13.8）mL vs. （74.9 ± 15.4）mL， P = 0.674］， pleural adhesion ［（11.6% vs. 17.3%， P = 0.236］， the number of lymph node dissection ［（2.0 ± 0.8） groups vs. （2.0 ± 0.8） groups， P = 0.965］， distance from nodule and margin ［（3.0 ± 1.5）cm vs. （3.0 ± 1.4）cm， P = 0.667］， the time in hospital after operation ［（3.5 ± 1.2）d vs. （3.5 ± 1.2）d， P = 0.721］ in the experimental group and control group without any statistically difference. However， there were statistically significant differences between two groups in the operation time ［（87.4 ± 14.1）min vs. （100.7 ± 14.3）min， P < 0.001］ and the time of intersegment plane appearance ［（11.0 ± 2.0）s vs. （962.7 ± 101.3）s， P < 0.001］. and the duration of the intersegment plane in the experimental group was （103.4 ± 37.4）s. The R0 resection rate of pulmonary nodules was 100% in both groups. Complications： Two groups had no statistical differences in the incidence of hemoptysis （8.9% vs. 8.2%， P = 0.843）， atelectasis （4.5% vs. 6.1%， P = 0.591）， pulmonary infection （3.6% vs. 9.2%， P = 0.092）， arrhythmia （2.7% vs. 7.1%， P = 0.130）， and persistent pulmonary air leakage （10.7% vs. 16.3%， P = 0.233）. Conclusion Compared with the traditional inflation-deflation method， indocyanine green fluorescent staining method can quickly， accurately and clearly display the intersegment plane， shorten the operation time， and provide reliable technical support for thoracoscopic anatomical lung segment resection. It is a safe and feasible method， worthy of application in clinical practice.

General anesthesia is widely used in clinical practice； however， the mechanism through which general anesthetics induce reversible loss of consciousness remains elusive. In recent years， with the rapid development of neurobiology， researchers have identified the thalamus as a key hub， not only for transmitting sensory information to the cortex and facilitating cortex-cortex communication， but also as an important site of the ascending arousal system， making it a long-standing focus in theoretical investigations into the neural basis of consciousness. A large number of studies have confirmed that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus serves as a key arousal nucleus within the thalamus， featuring extensive connections with brain regions involved in arousal regulation. This article systematically reviews the research progress on the neural mechanisms of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in sleep-wake regulation and general anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness， aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for clarifying how general anesthetics regulate changes in consciousness.

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome （aHUS） and C3 glomerulopathy （C3G） are well-recognized complement-mediated kidney diseases. In recent years， an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that the complement system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated kidney diseases， such as IgA nephropathy， membranous nephropathy （MN）， lupus nephritis （LN）， antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis （AAV）， and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease （anti-GBM disease）. Although current immunosuppressive therapies and corticosteroids can partly control disease progression， these agents are frequently associated with severe adverse effects， and a portion of patients show suboptimal therapeutic responses. Therefore， the development of novel therapeutic strategies is an urgent necessity. Complement-targeted therapies have emerged as a research focus， providing new avenues for the treatment of immune-mediated kidney diseases. This review summarizes recent advancements in this field.