CAR-T细胞在结直肠癌治疗方面的研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-5725.2024.18.023

Abstract

Abstract:

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy （CAR-T） represents a novel approach in cancer treatment that harnesses the anti-tumor immune response. In comparison to traditional immunotherapy， CAR-T exhibits enhanced tumor antigen specificity and cell cytotoxicity independent of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Recent advancements in CAR-T cell research have demonstrated remarkable clinical responses in patients with advanced leukemia and lymphoma by targeting CD19. Given the rising incidence of colorectal cancer， the success observed in hematological malignancies has prompted further investigation into the application of CAR-T therapy for solid tumors， including colorectal cancer. Regrettably， several clinical studies have failed to meet expectations. This article provides an overview of CAR-T cells' definition and structure， highlights existing challenges in solid tumor treatment， and specifically discusses the application and future prospects of CAR-T cell therapy for colorectal cancer.

Key words: CAR-T cells, immunotherapy, solid tumors

CLC Number:

R735.3⁺5

Zhaochen SUN,Junyan JIANG,Yitian. CHEN. Advancements in CAR⁃T cell research for the treatment of colorectal cancer[J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2024, 40(18): 2640-2646.

Figures/Tables 1

Tab.1

References 72

1	RABABAH F， ALABDUH T， AWAWDEH A， et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy in solid tumors ［J］. Clin Transl Oncol， 2023，25（8）：2279-2296.
2	DANA H， CHALBATANI G M， JALALI S A， et al. CAR-T cells： Early successes in blood cancer and challenges in solid tumors ［J］. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B， 2021， 11（5）： 1129-1147. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.020 doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.020
3	LIU L， QU Y， CHENG L， et al. Engineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for solid tumour therapy ［J］. Clin Translat Med， 2022， 12（12）： e1141.
4	SHEBBO S， BINOTHMAN N， DARWAISH M， et al. Redefining the battle against colorectal cancer： a comprehensive review of emerging immunotherapies and their clinical efficacy ［J］. Fronti Immunol， 2024， 15：1350208.
5	ASMAMAW DEJENIE T， TIRUNEH G M M， DESSIE TEREFE G， et al. Current updates on generations， approvals， and clinical trials of CAR T-cell therapy ［J］. Hum Vacci Immunother， 2022， 18（6）： 2114254.
6	ZURKO J C， XU H， CHANEY K， et al. Bispecific targeting of CD20 and CD19 increases polyfunctionality of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell products in B-cell malignancies ［J］. Cytotherapy， 2022， 24（8）： 767-773. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.011 doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.011
7	MAO R， KONG W， HE Y. The affinity of antigen-binding domain on the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells： Moderate is better ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 1032403. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032403 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032403
8	QIAN S， VILLAREJO-CAMPOS P， GUIJO I， et al. Update for Advance CAR-T Therapy in Solid Tumors， Clinical Application in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis From Colorectal Cancer and Future Prospects ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 841425. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.841425 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841425
9	SCHMIDTS A， MAUS M V. Making CAR T Cells a Solid Option for Solid Tumors ［J］. Front Immunol， 2018， 9： 2593. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02593 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02593
10	NASIRI F， KAZEMI M， MIRAREFIN S M J， et al. CAR-T cell therapy in triple-negative breast cancer： Hunting the invisible devil ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 1018786. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018786 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018786
11	SAWADA J， HIRAOKA N， QI R， et al. Molecular Signature of Tumor-Associated High Endothelial Venules That Can Predict Breast Cancer Survival ［J］. Cancer Immunol Res， 2022， 10（4）： 468-481. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0369 doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0369
12	CASEY S C， AMEDEI A， AQUILANO K， et al. Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment ［J］. Semin Cancer Biol， 2015， 35 ）： S199-S223.
13	MARTíNEZ-MéNDEZ D， HUERTA L， VILLARREAL C. Modeling the effect of environmental cytokines， nutrient conditions and hypoxia on CD4（+） T cell differentiation ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 962175. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.962175 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.962175
14	MINSON A， TAM C， DICKINSON M， et al. Targeted Agents in the Treatment of Indolent B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas ［J］. Cancers （Basel）， 2022， 14（5）：1276. doi:10.3390/cancers14051276 doi: 10.3390/cancers14051276
15	CASTELLARIN M， WATANABE K， JUNE C H， et al. Driving cars to the clinic for solid tumors ［J］. Gene Ther， 2018， 25（3）： 165-175.
16	SUNG H， FERLAY J， SIEGEL R L， et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020： GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries ［J］. CA Cancer J Clin， 2021， 71（3）： 209-249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660 doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
17	MILLER K D， NOGUEIRA L， MARIOTTO A B， et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics， 2019 ［J］. CA Cancer J Clin， 2019， 69（5）： 363-385.
18	OGURA A， KONISHI T， CUNNINGHAM C， et al. Neoadjuvant （Chemo）radiotherapy With Total Mesorectal Excision Only Is Not Sufficient to Prevent Lateral Local Recurrence in Enlarged Nodes： Results of the Multicenter Lateral Node Study of Patients With Low cT3/4 Rectal Cancer ［J］. J Clin Oncol， 2019， 37（1）： 33-43.
19	GHAZI B， GHANMI A EL， KANDOUSSI S， et al. CAR T-cells for colorectal cancer immunotherapy： Ready to go？［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 978195. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.978195 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978195
20	QIN X， WU F， CHEN C， et al. Recent advances in CAR-T cells therapy for colorectal cancer ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 904137. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.904137 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904137
21	JELSKI W， MROCZKO B. Biochemical Markers of Colorectal Cancer-Present and Future ［J］. Cancer Manag Res， 2020， 12： 4789-4797.
22	CUI Y， LI J， LIU X， et al. Dynamic Expression of EpCAM in Primary and Metastatic Lung Cancer Is Controlled by Both Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms ［J］. Cancers （Basel）， 2022， 14（17）：4121. doi:10.3390/cancers14174121 doi: 10.3390/cancers14174121
23	ZHANG B L， LI D， GONG Y L， et al. Preclinical Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells Specific to Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule for Treating Colorectal Cancer ［J］. Human Gene Ther， 2019， 30（4）： 402-412.
24	BUDI H S， AHMAD F N， ACHMAD H， et al. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 （HER2）-specific chimeric antigen receptor （CAR） for tumor immunotherapy； recent progress ［J］. Stem Cell Res Ther， 2022， 13（1）： 40.
25	QUINN S， LENART N， DRONZEK V， et al. Genetic Modification of T Cells for the Immunotherapy of Cancer ［J］. Vaccines， 2022，10（3）：457. doi:10.3390/vaccines10030457 doi: 10.3390/vaccines10030457
26	KLAMPATSA A， DIMOU V， ALBELDA S M. Mesothelin-targeted CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors ［J］. Expert Opin Biol Ther， 2021， 21（4）： 473-486.
27	ZHOU X， YANG M， YU J， et al. Regional delivery of mesothelin-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell effectively and safely targets colorectal cancer liver metastases in mice ［J］. J Gastrointest Oncol， 2024， 15（1）： 312-329.
28	ENTEZARI A A， SNOOK A E， WALDMAN S A. Guanylyl cyclase 2C （GUCY2C） in gastrointestinal cancers： recent innovations and therapeutic potential ［J］. Expert Opin Therap Targ， 2021， 25（5）： 335-346.
29	RAPPAPORT J A， WALDMAN S A. An update on guanylyl cyclase C in the diagnosis， chemoprevention， and treatment of colorectal cancer ［J］. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol， 2020， 13（10）： 1125-1137. doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1826304 doi: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1826304
30	MAGEE M S， KRAFT C L， ABRAHAM T S， et al. GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells oppose colorectal cancer metastases without autoimmunity ［J］. Oncoimmunology， 2016， 5（10）： e1227897. doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1227897 doi: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1227897
31	MAGEE M S， ABRAHAM T S， BAYBUTT T R， et al. Human GUCY2C-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor （CAR）-Expressing T Cells Eliminate Colorectal Cancer Metastases ［J］. Cancer Immunol Res， 2018， 6（5）： 509-516. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0362 doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0362
32	CHEN N， PU C， ZHAO L， et al. Dose Escalation Study of GCC19CART CoupledCAR^® Technology for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Colorectal Cancer ［J］. Blood， 2021， 138（）： 4841. doi:10.1182/blood-2021-153429 doi: 10.1182/blood-2021-153429
33	CHEN N， PU C， ZHAO L， et al. 652 A phase 1 dose escalation study of GCC19CART a novel CoupledCAR^® therapy for subjects with metastatic colorectal cancer ［J］. Blood， 2022， 10（）： A683.
34	TEIJEIRA CRESPO A， BURNELL S， CAPITANI L， et al. Pouring petrol on the flames： Using oncolytic virotherapies to enhance tumour immunogenicity ［J］. Immunology， 2021， 163（4）： 389-398. doi:10.1111/imm.13323 doi: 10.1111/imm.13323
35	PARK A K， FONG Y， KIM S I， et al. Effective combination immunotherapy using oncolytic viruses to deliver CAR targets to solid tumors ［J］. Sci Transl Med， 2020， 12（559）：eaaz1863. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz1863 doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz1863
36	左晓彤，吴巧凤. 肠道疾病与生物钟节律紊乱关系研究进展［J］. 实用医学杂志，2022， 38（18）： 2363-2366.
37	VINCENT R L， GURBATRI C R， LI F， et al. Probiotic-guided CAR-T cells for solid tumor targeting ［J］. Science， 2023， 382（6667）： 211-218.
38	WU D， WANG G， WEN S， et al. ARID5A stabilizes Indoleamine 2，3-dioxygenase expression and enhances CAR T cell exhaustion in colorectal cancer ［J］. Translat Oncol， 2024， 42：113.
39	ZHANG Z Z， WANG T， WANG X F， et al. Improving the ability of CAR-T cells to hit solid tumors： Challenges and strategies ［J］. Pharmacol Res， 2022， 175： 106036.
40	FENG Q， SUN B， XUE T， et al. Advances in CAR T-cell therapy in bile duct， pancreatic， and gastric cancers ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 1025608. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1082984 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1082984
41	MURTY S， HAILE S T， BEINAT C， et al. Intravital imaging reveals synergistic effect of CAR T-cells and radiation therapy in a preclinical immunocompetent glioblastoma model ［J］. Oncoimmunology， 2020， 9（1）： 1757360. doi:10.1080/2162402x.2020.1757360 doi: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1757360
42	ZHU L， LIU J， ZHOU G， et al. Remodeling of Tumor Microenvironment by Tumor-Targeting Nanozymes Enhances Immune Activation of CAR T Cells for Combination Therapy ［J］. Small （Germany）， 2021， 17（43）： e2102624.
43	ZHAO H， WU Z Z， REN Q， et al. Transcatheter Arterial Embolization Combined with Anti-vascular Agent Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Inhibits Growth and Vascularization of Liver Tumor in an Animal Model ［J］. Curr Med Sci， 42（6）：1240-1247.
44	DENG C， ZHAO J， ZHOU S， et al. The Vascular Disrupting Agent CA4P Improves the Antitumor Efficacy of CAR-T Cells in Preclinical Models of Solid Human Tumors ［J］. Mol Ther， 2020， 28（1）： 75-88. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.10.010 doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.10.010
45	NASIRI F， FARROKHI K， SAFARZADEH KOZANI P， et al. CAR-T cell immunotherapy for ovarian cancer： hushing the silent killer ［J］. Front Immunol， 2023， 14 ：1302307.
46	MICHAELIDES S， OBECK H， KECHUR D， et al. Migratory Engineering of T Cells for Cancer Therapy ［J］. Vaccines， 2022， 10（11）： 1845. doi:10.3390/vaccines10111845 doi: 10.3390/vaccines10111845
47	CASTIELLO L， SANTODONATO L， NAPOLITANO M， et al. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors： Choosing the Right Ingredients for the Perfect Recipe ［J］. Cancers （Basel）， 2022， 14（21）：5351. doi:10.3390/cancers14215351 doi: 10.3390/cancers14215351
48	XIONG X， XI J， LIU Q， et al. Co-expression of IL-7 and PH20 promote anti-GPC3 CAR-T tumour suppressor activity in vivo and in vitro ［J］. Liver Int， 2021， 41（5）： 1033-1043.
49	ZHAO R， CUI Y， ZHENG Y， et al. Human Hyaluronidase PH20 Potentiates the Antitumor Activities of Mesothelin-Specific CAR-T Cells Against Gastric Cancer ［J］. Front Immunol， 2021， 12： 660488. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.660488 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660488
50	EBERT L M， YU W， GARGETT T， et al. Endothelial， pericyte and tumor cell expression in glioblastoma identifies fibroblast activation protein （FAP） as an excellent target for immunotherapy ［J］. Clin Translat Immunol， 2020， 9（10）： e1191.
51	QU C， ZHANG H， CAO H， et al. Tumor buster-where will the CAR-T cell therapy 'missile' go？［J］. Mol Cancer， 2022， 21（1）： 201.
52	KATZ S C， HARDAWAY J， PRINCE E， et al. HITM-SIR： phase Ib trial of intraarterial chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and selective internal radiation therapy for CEA（+） liver metastases ［J］. Cancer Gene Ther， 2020， 27（5）： 341-355.
53	HASHIMOTO M， ARAKI K， CARDENAS M A， et al. PD-1 combination therapy with IL-2 modifies CD8（+） T cell exhaustion program ［J］. Nature， 2022， 610（7930）： 173-181. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05257-0 doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05257-0
54	CHA S E， KUJAWSKI M， P J Y， et al. Tumor regression and immunity in combination therapy with anti-CEA chimeric antigen receptor T cells and anti-CEA-IL2 immunocytokine ［J］. Oncoimmunology， 2021， 10（1）： 1899469. doi:10.1080/2162402x.2021.1899469 doi: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1899469
55	CHI X， YANG P， ZHANG E， et al. Significantly increased anti-tumor activity of carcinoembryonic antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells in combination with recombinant human IL-12 ［J］. Cancer Med， 2019， 8（10）： 4753-4765.
56	OLIVERA I， BOLAÑOS E， GONZALEZ-GOMARIZ J， et al. mRNAs encoding IL-12 and a decoy-resistant variant of IL-18 synergize to engineer T cells for efficacious intratumoral adoptive immunotherapy ［J］. Cell Rep Med， 2023， 4（3）：100978.
57	BIEDERSTÄDT A， MANZAR G S， DAHER M. Multiplexed engineering and precision gene editing in cellular immunotherapy ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 1063303. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063303 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063303
58	JOHNSON L R， LEE D Y， EACRET J S， et al. The immunostimulatory RNA RN7SL1 enables CAR-T cells to enhance autonomous and endogenous immune function ［J］. Cell， 2021， 184（19）： 4981-4995.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.004 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.004
59	MAROFI F， ACHMAD H， BOKOV D， et al. Hurdles to breakthrough in CAR T cell therapy of solid tumors ［J］. Stem Cell Res Ther， 2022， 13（1）： 140.
60	ZUO D， ZHU Y， WANG K， et al. A novel LAG3 neutralizing antibody improves cancer immunotherapy by dual inhibition of MHC-II and FGL1 ligand binding ［J］. Biomed Pharmacother， 2024， 175： 116782.
61	CHEN C， GU Y M， ZHANG F， et al. Construction of PD1/CD28 chimeric-switch receptor enhances anti-tumor ability of c-Met CAR-T in gastric cancer ［J］. Oncoimmunology， 2021， 10（1）： 1901434. doi:10.1080/2162402x.2021.1901434 doi: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1901434
62	OHTA K， SAKODA Y， TAMADA K. Novel technologies for improving the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy ［J］. Int J Hematol， 2023， 117（5）：647-651.
63	NAKAZAWA T， NATSUME A， NISHIMURA F， et al. Effect of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated PD-1-Disrupted Primary Human Third-Generation CAR-T Cells Targeting EGFRvIII on In Vitro Human Glioblastoma Cell Growth ［J］. Cells， 2020， 9（4）：998. doi:10.3390/cells9040998 doi: 10.3390/cells9040998
64	SHADEMAN B， KARAMAD V， NOURAZARIAN A， et al. CAR T Cells： Cancer Cell Surface Receptors Are the Target for Cancer Therapy ［J］. Adv Pharm Bullet， 2022， 12（3）： 476-489.
65	CHEN Q， LU L， MA W. Efficacy， Safety， and Challenges of CAR T-Cells in the Treatment of Solid Tumors ［J］. Cancers （Basel）， 2022， 14（23）：5983 . doi:10.3390/cancers14235983 doi: 10.3390/cancers14235983
66	TIWARI A， TRIVEDI R， LIN S Y. Tumor microenvironment： barrier or opportunity towards effective cancer therapy ［J］. J Biomed Sci， 2022， 29（1）： 83.
67	PIERSMA B， HAYWARD M K， WEAVER V M. Fibrosis and cancer： A strained relationship ［J］. Biochim Biophy Acta Rev Cancer， 2020， 1873（2）： 188356.
68	ZHOU Z， TAO C， LI J， et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells applied to solid tumors ［J］. Front Immunol， 2022， 13： 984864. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.984864 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984864
69	CHUANG L， QIFENG J， SHAOLEI Y. The tumor immune microenvironment and T-cell-related immunotherapies in colorectal cancer ［J］. Disc Oncol， 2024， 15（1）：244.
70	KESHAVARZ A， SALEHI A， KHOSRAVI S， et al. Recent findings on chimeric antigen receptor （CAR）-engineered immune cell therapy in solid tumors and hematological malignancies ［J］. Stem Cell Res Ther， 2022， 13（1）： 482.
71	MENG Q， XU J， WANG J， et al. Investigation of the enhanced antitumour potency of CD46-specific chimeric antigen receptor-T cells in human colorectal cancer liver metastases after combination with nanotherapeutics ［J］. Nano Today， 2023， 52. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101985 doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101985
72	KE S， LEI Y， GUO Y， et al. CD177 drives the transendothelial migration of Treg cells enriched in human colorectal cancer ［J］. Clin Translat Immunol， 2024， 13（4）：e1506.

抗原	阶段	序列号	治疗剂量	研究状态
CEA	Phase 1	NCT05240950	3DL：1 × 10⁶/kg，3 × 10⁶/kg and 6 × 10⁶/kg anti?CEA CAR?T （+） cell（1d）	招募中
	Early Phase 1	NCT04513431	NA	尚未招募
	Phase 1	NCT02349724	5DL：1 × 10⁵，5 × 10⁵，1 × 10⁶，1 × 10⁷ and 1 × 10⁸/CAR+/kg （10%，30% and 60% per day）	已完成
	Phase 1 Phase 2	NCT04348643	NA	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT05415475	1 × 10⁷ anti?CEA CAR?T （+） cell after FC（1 d）	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT05396300	3DL： 3^-10 × 10⁶ anti?CEA CAR?T （+） cell after FC（1 d）	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT02850536	HAI 1 × 10¹⁰ anti?CEA CAR?T （+） cell（3 times per week） and IL?2［50 000 IU/（kg·d）］	已完成
	Phase 1	NCT02416466	1 × 10¹⁰cells/d（3ds） and IL?2	已完成
	Phase 1	NCT03682744	NA	不详
	Phase 1 Phase 2	NCT02959151	1.25 ~ 4 × 10⁷ CAR⁺ T cells/cm³ tumor bulk（1 d）	不详
NKG2D	Early Phase 1	NCT05248048	NA	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT04550663	NA	尚未招募
	Early Phase 1	NCT05382377	NA	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT05302037	4DL： 1 × 10⁷， 1 × 10⁸， 3 × 10⁸ or 1 × 10⁹ cells/d（4ds） per week	尚未招募
	Phase 1	NCT03370198	3 DL： 3 × 10⁸ ~ 3 × 10⁹ cells/d（3ds）	不详
	Phase 1	NCT03692429	3DL： 1-100 × 10⁸cells/d （3ds） and FOLFOX	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT03310008	3DL： 10⁸ ~ 10⁹cells/d （3ds） and FOLFOX	不详
	Phase 1	NCT04107142	3DL： 3 × 10⁸ ~ 3 × 10⁹ CAR?γδT cells/d（4ds）	不详
MSLN	Early Phase 1	NCT04503980	4DL： 1 × 10⁵， 3 × 10⁵， 1 × 10⁶， 3 × 10⁶ αPD1?MSLN?CAR⁺ T cells/kg（1 d）	招募中
	Phase 1	NCT05089266	NA	尚未招募
EpCAM	Phase 1	NCT05028933	3DL： 3 × 10⁵， 1 × 10⁶/kg， 3 × 10⁶/kg EPCAM CAR?T/kg（1 d）	招募中
HER2	Phase 1	NCT03740256	7 DL： 1 ~ 100 × 10⁶ Cells（1 d） and oncolytic adenovirus CAdVEC intra?tumor injection	招募中

[1]	Jiang SHAO,Lin LI,Yansong GUO,Chengyuan SUN,Xichao WEN,Kebin ZHENG,Yanfang SHI. Research progress of CD73/NT5E in glioblastoma [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2024, 40(3): 428-431.
[2]	Ziqi DING,Qian. ZHANG. Research progress in T cell exhaustion and its relationship with respiratory diseases [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2024, 40(13): 1895-1900.
[3]	Yawei ZHANG,Hongjin SHI,Shi FU,Jiansong WANG,Haifeng WANG. Research progress in biological role of TIGIT and its application in bladder cancer [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2024, 40(12): 1762-1766.
[4]	Xizhi WEN,Xiaoshi. ZHANG. Immunotherapy based on neoantigen： A personalized treatment strategy for melanoma [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2024, 40(10): 1331-1337.
[5]	WU Kaiyi, LÜ Xuedong, HE Haiyan, CHEN Jinliang. . Progress in the application of cryoablation combined with immunotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2023, 39(8): 1058-1062.
[6]	ZHANG Xijie, LI Xin, ZHOU Wence.. Research progress of combined immunotherapy for metastatic pancreas cancer [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2023, 39(6): 655-659.
[7]	CHEN Fukun, LV Juan, DENG Zhiyong. Effect of chimeric antigen receptor gene⁃modified T⁃cell immunotherapy for lung cancer：A systematic review [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2023, 39(5): 538-543.
[8]	WU Yang, LU Hanjie, SHUI Huifeng.. The efficacy and safety of anlotinib plus PD⁃1 blockades in patients with advanced non⁃small cell lung can⁃ cer previously treated with immunotherapy [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2023, 39(5): 572-578.
[9]	Xianlan ZHANG,Yufei ZHU,Yunyun ZENG,Zhihao HUANG,Wenchang CEN,Shan. SU. Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy plus immunotherapy and recombinant human endostatin in treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2023, 39(16): 2112-2115.
[10]	TIAN Jing, ZHANG Zhiyong, BAI Tiankai, YAN Bin.. CAR ⁃T therapy for pancreatic cancer：Research progress and prospects [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2022, 38(4): 516-521.
[11]	XU Lu, HUANG Liyou, WANG Yanhua, WEN Linchun.. Efficacy and safety ofPD ⁃ 1 inhibitor combined with brain radiotherapy for brain metastases in patients with pan⁃negative non⁃small cell lung cancer [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2022, 38(24): 3100-3105.
[12]	PENG Sijing, LU Jielun, WANG Zicheng, ZENG Xiaozhen, ZOU Yawei.. A progress on immunotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2022, 38(23): 2903-2907.
[13]	ZHANG Ying, WU Yueling.. Immunotherapy incervical cancer：The advent of precision medicine [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2022, 38(15): 1856-1859.
[14]	HE Jun, WU Songbai, LYU Ailian, DAI Yao, HUANG Kang, FANG Xiang, LYU Jianlei, LIU Min, ZHANG Quan, PENG Jing. Research on strategy of immunotherapy in elderly sepsis patients with immunosuppression [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2021, 37(6): 718-721.
[15]	LI Dailong, WANG Yuke, PANG Yaqi, XU Xinhua. Progress of clinical research on immune checkpoint inhibitorsin advanced hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2021, 37(6): 821-826.

Advancements in CAR⁃T cell research for the treatment of colorectal cancer

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 1

References 72

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments