On March 24，2022，the 27th World TB Day，the National Health Commission determined that china′s publicity theme was“Life First，National Action，Shared Health to End TB”，calling for extensive partici⁃ pation and active action from all sectors of society as the progress of ending TB is facing the huge dilemma of COV⁃ ID⁃19 pandemic. How to do it effectively，this article only talks about superficial views from the aspects of latent infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis，DR/MDR⁃TB，case discovery and subsequent treatment and management， route of transmission，and protection of susceptible populations.

Tuberculosis（TB）is still a threat to the health of public and remains a public health problem. In recent years，continues progresses had been made in public health，diagnosis and treatment，and in fundamen⁃ tal research of tuberculosis. All these progresses promoted the improvement of health care of tuberculosis patient. In this literature，analysis and comments were made on several studies that closely related with clinical practice， especially underlined the significance of each study for the health care. We confidently believe that all the small progresses in different areas would enhance the understanding of the bacilli and the disease，and then inevitably promote the disease control，patient management and patient health care of tuberculosis.

As one of the countries with high burden of TB and MDR⁃TB，China has a large number of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection（LTBI）. Finding adorable LTBI in time and effectively controlling LTBI epidemic and eradication of tuberculosis will be a major task for mankind to achieve the goal of ending TB. This paper briefly reviews the research progress of LTBI in recent years from the aspects of epidemiology，occur⁃ rence and progress，experimental diagnosis and treatment. 

Mycobacterium kansasii，an opportunistic pathogen，is one of the most clinical isolated Non⁃tu⁃ berculous mycobacteria（NTM）species. M. kansasii often causes pulmonary and extra ⁃ pulmonary infections，as well as disseminated disease. The first⁃line therapy regimen recommended for M. kansasii consists of rifampin， ethambutol and isoniazid，which has successful treatment rate. In recent years，with the increasing number of infec⁃ tions caused by M. kansasii，experimental diagnostic techniques have been improved and further typing techniques have been established. At the same time，the drug ⁃ resistant mechanisms of the therapeutic drugs of M. kansasii have been reported gradually. Therefore，species identification technology，main treatment regimen，as well as the drug⁃resistant mechanisms of M. kansasii was summarized in this article.

Tuberculosis is still the main infectious disease that causes adult deaths worldwide and has been a global public health challenge for the past 25 years. At present，the only approved tuberculosis vaccine is BCG and there is still a long way to go to develop safer and more effective vaccine of tuberculosis. Recombinant subunit vaccines have clear components，high safety，can induce high⁃efficiency immune responses，and provide long⁃term immune protection effects. So they have good application prospects. This article reviewed the progress in the components，clinical research status，and application of the tuberculosis recombinant subunit vaccine.

Objective To explore the changes of intestinal flora during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infec⁃ tion and conventional anti⁃tuberculosis chemotherapy，and to provide scientific basis for clinical treatment of tuber⁃ culosis. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from 89 stool samples，and the changes of intestinal microflora during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and conventional anti ⁃ tuberculosis chemotherapy were analyzed by metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics methods. Results After mycobacterium tuberculosis infection，the composition of intestinal microflora in tuberculosis patients was significantly changed（P = 0.0134）. With the pro⁃ longation of conventional anti⁃tuberculosis chemotherapy，the Shannon index decreased，and the diversity of intesti⁃ nal flora in tuberculosis patients was significantly reduced（P = 0.0088），and the composition of bacterial flora in tuberculosis patients after cure was significantly changed compared with that before treatment（P = 0.0021）. The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Veillonella increased gradually during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and routine anti⁃tuberculosis chemotherapy. Some functional pathways in the gut microbiota of tuberculosis patients were changed after anti⁃tuberculosis chemotherapy. Conclusion Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and conven⁃ tional anti⁃tuberculosis chemotherapy can lead to disturbance of intestinal flora，affecting the diversity，structural composition and metabolic function of intestinal flora.

Objective To investigate the changes of respiratory tract bacterial and fungal microecology in patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis and healthy people. Methods Seventy patients with primary tubercu⁃ losis were enrolled in the study group（hereinafter referred to as the TB group）and thirty⁃eight healthy individuals were enrolled in the control group（hereinafter referred to as the HG group），and the bacteria and fungi in respira⁃ tory secretions were detected by culture，and the strains were identified by MALDI ⁃ TOF. The differences in the classification and colony forming unit of bacteria（except Mycobacterium tuberculosis）and fungi were compared and analyzed between the two groups. Results At the Phylum level，Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes，Proteobacteria， Actinobacteria，Clostridium and Fusobacteria were detected in the TB group. The detection rates were 64.29%（45/ 70），100%（70/70），100%（70/70），70.00%（49/70），55.71%（39/70）and 54.29%（38/70），respectively，and the colony forming unit（CFU/mL）were（5.48 ± 5.62），（6.81 ± 6.56），（6.41 ± 5.74），（5.50 ± 5.65），（4.79 ± 4.68），and（6.01 ± 5.85），respectively；The detection rates of each phylum in the HG group were 76.32%（29/38）， 100%（38/38），100%（38/38），92.11%（35/38），and 60.53%（23/38）and 15.79%（6/38），and the colony forming unit（CFU/mL）were（5.78 ± 5.12），（6.29 ± 6.45），（6.56 ± 6.63），（5.09 ± 5.16），（5.33 ± 5.50）and（3.40 ± 3.53），respectively. Chi⁃Squared Test and t⁃test statistical analysis showed the detection rates of Actino⁃ bacteria and Ascomycota and the colony forming unit of Firmicutes，Actinobacteria，Ascomycota and Fusobacteria were significant between the two groups.（P < 0.05）. At the level of Species，67 species were detected in the two groups，of which 26 species were detected in the TB group alone，9 species in the HG group alone，and 32 species in both groups；for the species with a detection rate higher than 50% in any one group，The comparison of the detection rates between the TB and HG groups was 95.71% vs. 100% for Streptococcus oralis/Streptococus mitis， 91.43% vs. 100% for Neisseria，61.43% vs. 71.05% for Veillonellaparvula/Veillonella atypical，and 60.00% vs. 86.84% for Rothiamucilaginosa，58.57% vs. 94.74% for Haemophilusparainfluenzae，45.71% vs. 68.42% for Pre⁃ votellamelaninogenica，38.57% vs. 60.53% for Capnocytophagasputigena and 44.29% vs.57.89% for Leptotrichia⁃ buccalis，respectively. Conclusion Compared with healthy people，the microecology of bacteria and fungi in respiratory tract of patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis showed little change in dominant bacteria. However， the species and colony density were disordered，which was mainly manifested in the increase of strain types，espe⁃ cially the increase of opportunistic pathogens. This may increase the chance of co⁃infection and is worthy of clinical attention. 

Objective To investigate the changes of respiratory tract bacterial and fungal microecology in patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis and healthy people. Methods Seventy patients with primary tubercu⁃ losis were enrolled in the study group（hereinafter referred to as the TB group）and thirty⁃eight healthy individuals were enrolled in the control group（hereinafter referred to as the HG group），and the bacteria and fungi in respira⁃ tory secretions were detected by culture，and the strains were identified by MALDI ⁃ TOF. The differences in the classification and colony forming unit of bacteria（except Mycobacterium tuberculosis）and fungi were compared and analyzed between the two groups. Results At the Phylum level，Bacteroidetes，Firmicutes，Proteobacteria， Actinobacteria，Clostridium and Fusobacteria were detected in the TB group. The detection rates were 64.29%（45/ 70），100%（70/70），100%（70/70），70.00%（49/70），55.71%（39/70）and 54.29%（38/70），respectively，and the colony forming unit（CFU/mL）were（5.48 ± 5.62），（6.81 ± 6.56），（6.41 ± 5.74），（5.50 ± 5.65），（4.79 ± 4.68），and（6.01 ± 5.85），respectively；The detection rates of each phylum in the HG group were 76.32%（29/38）， 100%（38/38），100%（38/38），92.11%（35/38），and 60.53%（23/38）and 15.79%（6/38），and the colony forming unit（CFU/mL）were（5.78 ± 5.12），（6.29 ± 6.45），（6.56 ± 6.63），（5.09 ± 5.16），（5.33 ± 5.50）and（3.40 ± 3.53），respectively. Chi⁃Squared Test and t⁃test statistical analysis showed the detection rates of Actino⁃ bacteria and Ascomycota and the colony forming unit of Firmicutes，Actinobacteria，Ascomycota and Fusobacteria were significant between the two groups.（P < 0.05）. At the level of Species，67 species were detected in the two groups，of which 26 species were detected in the TB group alone，9 species in the HG group alone，and 32 species in both groups；for the species with a detection rate higher than 50% in any one group，The comparison of the detection rates between the TB and HG groups was 95.71% vs. 100% for Streptococcus oralis/Streptococus mitis， 91.43% vs. 100% for Neisseria，61.43% vs. 71.05% for Veillonellaparvula/Veillonella atypical，and 60.00% vs. 86.84% for Rothiamucilaginosa，58.57% vs. 94.74% for Haemophilusparainfluenzae，45.71% vs. 68.42% for Pre⁃ votellamelaninogenica，38.57% vs. 60.53% for Capnocytophagasputigena and 44.29% vs.57.89% for Leptotrichia⁃ buccalis，respectively. Conclusion Compared with healthy people，the microecology of bacteria and fungi in respiratory tract of patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis showed little change in dominant bacteria. However， the species and colony density were disordered，which was mainly manifested in the increase of strain types，espe⁃ cially the increase of opportunistic pathogens. This may increase the chance of co⁃infection and is worthy of clinical attention. 

Objective To investigate the susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex to clofazimine， bedaquiline and delamanid，and therefore to explore the possibility of using these drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations（MICs）of clofazimine，bedaquiline，and delamanid against 12 M. avium clinical isolates and 81 M. intracellulare clinical isolates were determined by using the microplate alamar blue assay（MABA）. Results The MIC50 and MIC90 of clofazimine against M. intracellulare were 0.25 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL，respectively. ECOFF of clofazimine against M. intracellulare was 0.5 μg/mL. The MIC50 and MIC90 of bedaquiline against M. intracellulare were 0.125 μg/mL and 0.25 μg/mL，respectively. ECOFF of bedaquiline against M. intracellulare was 0.25 μg/mL. The MICs of delamanid against 97.5%（79/81）of M. intra⁃ cellulare clinical isolates were ≥ 256 μg/mL. The MIC50 and MIC90 of clofazimine against M. avium were 0.25 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL，respectively. ECOFF of clofazimine against M. avium was 0.5 μg/mL. The MICs of bedaquiline against 75%（9/12）of M. avium clinical isolates were 0.0625 μg/mL；and the MICs of delamanid against 91.7% （11/12）of M. avium clinical isolates were > 4 μg/mL. Conclusions Clofazimine and bedaquiline showed acceptable in vitro activity against M. avium complex，and Delamanid has no effect on M. avium complex.

Objective To analyze the difference of pyrazinamide（PZA）resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates with different backgrounds of first ⁃line anti ⁃tuberculosis drug resistance in southern China，and explore the possible factors influencing PZA resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis，so as to provide a research basis for further revealing the PZA resistance mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods The clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from tuberculosis patients in our hospital from november 2012 to december 2018 were taken as the research objects. According to their resistance groups to isoniazid，rifampicin， ethambutol and streptomycin（here in after referred to as H，R，E and S respectively），the differences of PZA resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with different drug resistance combinations and rifampicin resistance characteristics were analyzed. Results （1）The PZA resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to 0， 1，2，3 and 4 kinds of anti⁃tuberculosis drugs mentioned above were 3.75%，8.60%，28.21%，57.59% and 75.74%， respectively. Chi ⁃ square test showed statistically significant differences between any two groups （P < 0.005）. （2）The resistance rates of rifampicin resistant and sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis to PZA were 56.03% and 12.51%，respectively，and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant（P < 0.05）（. 3）PZA resistance rates of drug sensitive（Q），and the S，H，E，R，SE，RS，HS，RE，HR，HE，HSE，RSE，HRS，HRE and HRSE resistant isolates are 3.75%，4.92%，11.36%，12.12%，17.78%，7.14%，18.00%，18.20%，37.50%， 40.98% ，48.57% ，50.00% ，50.00% ，54.71% ，70.18% and 75.74%respectively. Chi⁃square test showed that the differences of PZA resistance rates between 15 groups of drug⁃resistant bacteria and sensitive isolates group showed that the differences of PZA resistance rates between S，E，SE ⁃ resistant isolates and four drug sensitive isolates were 0.078，0.004 and 0.4160，respectively，with no statistical significance（P > 0.003），while differences in the other groups had statistical significance（P < 0.000）. Conclusions The resistance of rifampicin and the combina⁃ tion with other first ⁃line anti ⁃tuberculosis drugs resistance may be the important factors affecting the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to PZA.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors of sputum culture conversion in patients with multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis（MDR⁃PTB）at the end of the third month during treat⁃ ment. Methods A total of 249 MDR⁃PTB patients in Anhui Chest Hospital from April 2020 to May 2021 were enrolled，and they were divided into negative group or positive group according to sputum culture conversion at the end of the third month. The chi⁃square test was used to compare the factors affecting the sputum culture conversion between the two groups and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to screen independent risk factors. Results The age，educational background，BMI，the treatment type，the use of second⁃line drugs，drug⁃ resistance type，complications and CT manifestations were influencing factors of sputum culture conversion in MDR⁃ PTB patients at the end of the third month during treatment. Moreover，the education level in primary school and below（OR = 3.963，95%CI：1.110 ~ 14.145，P < 0.05），BMI < 18.5 kg/m2（OR = 2.682，95%CI：1.255 ~ 5.730， P < 0.05），diabetes mellitus（OR = 2.433，95%CI：1.118 ~ 5.296，P < 0.05）and lung damage（OR = 3.634， 95%CI：1.684 ~ 7.839，P < 0.01）were the independent risk factors. Conclusion There were many factors affecting the sputum culture conversion in MDR⁃PTB patients at the end of the third month during treatment，among which low education level，low weight，diabetes and lung damage were high⁃risk factors. Being alert to the risk factors in the clinical work might be helpful for early identification of patients with poor prognosis and could give early inter⁃ vention thus improve efficacy.

Objective to study the CT features of nontuberculous mycobacterial bone infection and to im⁃ prove the CT diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial bone infection. Methods The clinical data and CT images of 22 patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial bone infection in Guangzhou chest hospital from January 2015 to January 2021 were collected retrospectively，and analyzed the CT characteristics. Results In this group of 22 patients，the bone destruction involved a wide range of sites，including multiple sites、multiple joints and jumping bone destruction，accounting for 59.09%（13/22）. 93.75%（15/16）of the 16 cases had osteolytic and mixed bone destruction，One case was Osteogenesis damage.In 15 cases of osteolytic destruction，66.67%（10/15）of bone mar⁃ gin combined with thick and mixed sclerosis ring，26.67%（4/15）of thin sclerosis ring，and 6.66%（1/15）of no sclerosis ring.Three or more vertebral bodies accounted for 75%（12/16）in axial bones. The cases of vertebral space narrowing and vertebral collapse accounted for 6.25%（1/16），the cases of dead bone and abscess accounted for 18.75%（3/16）；Vertebral appendage was involved in 31.25%（5/16）. Among the 12 cases with bone in extremities， 91.67%（11/12）had osteolytic and mixed bone destruction，one case was Osteogenesis damage. In 11 cases of osteolytic destruction，72.73%（8/11）had bone edge combined with thick and mixed sclerosis ring，and 27.27% （3/11）had thin sclerosis ring；33.33%（4/12）with abscess，16.67%（2/12）with dead bone. 5 cases of long bone and 7 cases of joint bone destruction were lytic bone destruction，2 cases and 6 cases with thin sclerotic ring， 3 cases and 7 cases with abscess respectively，3 cases involved joint space in the latter. There were significant differences in bone destruction pattern，marginal sclerosis ring，abscess and intervertebral/articular space involve⁃ment in different sites of non⁃tuberculous mycobacterium bone infection（P < 0.05）. Conclusion The bone infection of non⁃tuberculous mycobacterium disease involved a wide range of sites，with jumping bone destruction. Osteolytic and mixed bone destruction were more common in the axial bone and extremities，and the margins were more com⁃ plicated with thick and mixed sclerosis rings，intervertebral discs were less involved，and abscesses and dead bone were rare. Small cystic osteolytic bone destruction was common in joints，often complicated with thin sclerosis ring, abscess，involving joint space. It has certain CT features，providing basis for early clinical diagnosis.

Objective To explore the effects of exosomes derived from miR⁃210⁃5p⁃modified mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs）on spinal cord injury（SCI）in rats. Methods MSCs from SD rats were isolated and cultured， and were transfected with mirna⁃210⁃5p mimic or NC mimic. Subsequently，60 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups with 12 rats in each group. Except the sham operation group，rats in other four groups underwent T10 laminectomy to construct SCI model. A total of 200 rats were injected with 200 μL MSCs or MSCs NC mimic or miR⁃210⁃5p exosomes or normal saline into caudal vein every day after operation for 14 days. The motor function of hind limbs was evaluated by BBB scale. The expressions of growth associated protein（GAP）⁃43， neurofilament protein（NF），Keap1 and nuclear factor E2 related factor 2（Nrf2）were detected by Western blot. The mRNA levels of heme oxygenase⁃1（HO⁃1）and quinone oxidoreductase（NQO1）were detected by RT qPCR. Results Compared with the SCI model group，the BBB score of miR ⁃ 210⁃5p secretory group was significantly higher（P < 0.05）. Further studies showed the expression of GAP⁃43 was significantly inhibited in the miR⁃210⁃5p secretory group，（P < 0.05），while the expression of HO⁃1，NF and NQO1 was enhanced（P < 0.05）. Ml385，an inhibitor of Nrf2，reversed the role of miR⁃210⁃5p secretory in SCI rats. Conclusion miR⁃210⁃5p modified MSCs derived exosomes promoted the repair of spinal cord injury in rats by activating keap1⁃nrf⁃2 pathway.

Objective To construct a lentiviral plasmid knocked down death⁃associated protein kinase 1 （shDAPK1）gene and stably transfected neuroblastoma cell line（SH ⁃ SY5Y），and detect the effect of DAPK1 knockdown on cell apoptosis in SH⁃SY5Y cells. Methods An upstream and downstream primer specifically knocking down the DAPK1 gene was designed and synthesized. After the primers were annealed，they were connected with the double⁃enzyme⁃cleaved PLKO.1 vector by T4 ligase，followed by transformation and plasmid extraction. DNA sequencing was subsequently performed to confirm the availability of the recombinant correct lentiviral interfering plasmid pLKO.1 ⁃ shDAPK1.The recombinant plasmid was co ⁃ transfected with the helper plasmids psPAX2 and pMD2.G into HEK293T cells. The supernatant of lentivirus was collected after 72 h and infected with SH ⁃ SY5Y cells. The SH⁃SY5Y cell line with stable DAPK1 knockout was obtained through positive screening with puromycin. Western blot was used to detect the DAPK1 protein in the SH⁃SY5Y stably transfected cell line and the protein expression levels of Bax，Bcl⁃2 and Caspase⁃3 after treatment with 1⁃methyl⁃4⁃phenylpyridinium（MPP+）. Finally， the apoptosis of SH⁃SY5Y cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results The sequencing comparison result of the recombinant pLKO.1⁃shDAPK1 plasmid was correct. The shDAPK1⁃SY5Y cell line（shDAPK1⁃SY5Y）was stably transfected with puromycin. The expression level of DAPK1 protein in the stably transferred cell line was remark⁃ ably reduced compared with the control group. In addition，the expression level of Bcl⁃2 protein was up⁃regulated， while the expression levels of Bax and Caspase⁃3 proteins were down⁃regulated. Flow cytometry results showed that the incidence of apoptosis in the cell line was significantly reduced. Conclusions The lentivirus knock⁃down plas⁃ mid pLKO.1⁃shDAPK1 was successfully constructed and a stably infected SH⁃SY5Y cell line with low expression of DAPK1 was established，which significantly inhibited apoptosis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Diosmetin on proliferation，apoptosis，colony formation， migration，adhesion and stemness of PC⁃3cells. Methods The effect of Diosmetin on PC⁃3 cells proliferation was detected using CCK⁃8 assay，and the half maximal inhibitory concentration（IC50）value of Diosmetin was calculated. Cell morphology was observed under a microscope，and the apoptotic⁃related proteins were detected using WB as aforementioned. The ability of colony ⁃forming，adherence and migration of PC ⁃3 cells were determined by colony formation assay，cell adhesion experiment and Transwell experiment，respectively. Results Diosmetin inhibited the growth of PC⁃3 cells in a dose⁃dependent manner，with statistically significant difference（P < 0.05），and the results showed an IC50 value of 10 μg/mL. At the same time，Diosmetin induced PC⁃3 cell apoptosis，western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of the apoptosis⁃associated genes caspase⁃8，Bax was upregulated while Bcl⁃2 was downregulated. In addition，Diosmetin suppressed PC⁃3 cells colony formation，adhesion，migration and sphere ⁃formingabilities，with statistically significant the difference（P < 0.05）. Conclusion Diosmetin inhibited proliferation，colony formation，adhesion，migration abilities and stemness of PC⁃3 cellsin vitro. Meanwhile，Dios⁃ metin induces apoptosis of PC⁃3 cells.

Objective To observe the effect of tetramethylpyrazine（TMP）on the migration of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells（ucMSCs）and investigate the mechanism in vivo and vitro separately. Methods In vivo，ucMSCs were transplanted into MCAO rats by tail vein injection. The migration and localization of GFP⁃ ucMSCs were observed by fluorescence microscope. The expression of related proteins SDF ⁃ 1 and CXCR4 were detected by Western blot. In vitro，the migration of ucMSCs was detected by Transwell method.The effects of TMP treatment and antagonist on the mobility of ucMSCs were observed. The level of interleukin⁃1β（IL⁃1β）was detected by ELISA and the expression of migration related proteins was detected. Results In vivo，it was found that the number of ucMSCs migrated and located in the cerebral infarction area after TMP pretreatment（IOD 2.9 × 105） increased significantly compared to untreated group（IOD 0.4 × 105）（P < 0.05）. The expression of SDF⁃1 and CXCR4 also increased significantly，which was inhibited by adding antagonists（P < 0.05）；In vitro，the number of migrating cells increased from 20 to 88 per region by TMP pretreatment（P < 0.05），which was consistent with the increased expression of CXCR4. The expression of inflammatory factor IL⁃1 β in PC12 cells was reduced by TMP treatment（from 17.2 to 13.5 pg/mL）. Conclusion Tetramethylpyrazine improves the migration rate of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by regulating SDF ⁃ 1/CXCR4 axis.The transplantation microenvironment was also improved by inhibiting inflammation. This study provides experimental basis for the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Objective To investigate the effects of dexamethasone on the reactive oxygen species and MT⁃CO1 in lung tissues of asthma mice. Methods The asthma model was induced by egg albumin with BALB/C mice. A total of 21 BALB/C mice were randomly assigned into control group，asthma group and dexamethasone group. Biochemical kits were used to detect malondialdehyde in all the animals，and Western blot and qPCR to detect protein and mRNA expressions of MTCO1 in their lung tissues. The 16HBE cells were further divided control group，IL ⁃5 group and dexamethasone group. mitochondrial reactive oxygen species，across which mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by fluorescence and the protein and mRNA expressions of MT ⁃CO1 by Western blot and qPCR. Results The MDA in the lung tissues of the asthma group and thedexamethasone group was sig⁃ nificantly higher than that in the control group（P < 0.05），and the MDA in thedexamethasone group was higher than that in the asthma group. The mRNA expression of MT⁃CO1 in the asthma group and thedexamethasone group was significantly higher than that in the control group（P < 0.05）. The mRNA expression of MT⁃CO1 in the dexa⁃ methasone group was significantly higher than that in the asthma group（P < 0.05）and the westernblot showedthe same scenarioas qPCR. The MT⁃CO1 mRNA expression in the 16HBE，dexamethasone group and IL⁃5 group was significant decreased than that in the control group，and the express in the dexamethasone groupwas even lower than that in the IL⁃5 group but without significant. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the 16HBE：dexa⁃methasone group and IL⁃5 group were significant increased than those in the control group，and the species in the dexamethasone groupwere increased to a higher extent than in the IL⁃5 group. The mitochondrial membrane poten⁃ tial in 16HBE：dexamethasone group and IL ⁃ 5 group were more significantly decreased than that in the control group，andthe potential in the dexamethasone groupwas increased to a higher extent than that in the IL ⁃ 5 group. Conclusion Dexamethasone can reduce the expression of MT⁃CO1 and further increase the level of reactive oxy⁃ gen species in lung tissue of asthmamice. Our result suggest that glucocorticoid can boost oxidative stress through mitochondrion dysfunction，which would be risk factor for irregular relapse of asthma. Antioxidation might alleviate detrimental effects of asthma through mitochondrion dysfunction caused by glucocorticoids. 

Objective To analyze the impact of the timing of decompression surgery on the prognosis of patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Methods A total of 80 patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to June 2020 were selected and were divided into the control group and the observation group with 1∶1 ratio based on the timing of emergency decompression. The control group underwent late decompression surgery（over 24 h after injury），and the observation group underwent early decom⁃ pression surgery（within 24 h after injury）. The difference in prognosis between the two groups was compared. Results Before operation，the upper limb movement score，lower limb movement score，total movement score， light touch score，acupuncture score，and quality of life score were the same in the two groups. The score at 1 year after operation was higher than that before the operation，and the score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group，the difference was statistically significant（P < 0.05）. Conclusion Compared with late decompression surgery，early decompression surgery was more helpful to improve the prognosis of patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury，suggesting that 24 h after injury may be a critical time window.

Objective To explore the risk factors of veno⁃arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation （V⁃A ECMO）in treating cardiogenic shock. Methods The data of patients with cardiogenic shock treated with V⁃A ECMO in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery，First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University from January 2016 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the rehabilitation group and the death group according to their prognosis and the baseline data，and their clinical data and ECMO related parameters were recorded. The parameters with clinical significance and significant difference in univariate analysis were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis to investigate the risk factors of V ⁃A ECMO in treating the cardiogenic shock. Results A total of 77 patients were enrolled in the study，with 35 in the rehabilitation group and 42 in the death group. Compared with the rehabilitation group，the age，SOFA score，rates of CRRT and IABP were higher in the death group. Before VA⁃ECMO，the PLT counts were lower and the levels of Cr，BUN and lactate were higher in the death group，as compared with the rehabilitation group. By univariate Logistic regression analysis， there were significant differences in age and score of SOFA，use of CRRT and IABP，NT⁃proBNP，platelet，creati⁃ nine，urea and lactic acid. By multivariate Logistic regression analysis，the independent prognostic risk factors for the patients′ death were age and pre ⁃ ECMO platelet count. The higher the age（OR = 1.068，95% CI：1.027 ~ 1.110）was and the lower the pre⁃ECMO platelet counts（OR = 0.991，95%CI：0.984 ~ 0.998）were，the higher the death risk. Conclusion VA ⁃ECMO is an important mechanical therapy for patients with cardiogenic shock. The patients with advanced age，worse cardiac function，low PLT counts，renal insufficiency，use of IABP and/or CRRT may come out with poor prognosis. Lower platelet count is independent risk factor for the dearth，so increased platelet counts may be a target for improving prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patients undergoing VA⁃ECMO.

Objective To investigate the effect of diabetes on acute and chronic pain after unilateral total knee replacement. Methods The institutional review board of General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA approved the study protocol. A total of 60 patients who underwent unilateral total knee replacement in the Gen⁃ eral Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA from October 2019 to March 2021 were selected for this study and divided into two groups，including normal control group（Group NC，n=30）and diabetic group（Group D，n= 30）. Visual analogue scale，Mechanical withdrawal threshold，and the consumption of sufentanil were recorded and compared at different time points. The serum levels of TNF ⁃ α，IL ⁃6，and IL ⁃10 before operation and three hours after operation were measured and compared between the two groups，the incidence and intensity of chronic pain after operation was inquired and recorded at 3rd，and 6th months after operation. Results Compared with Group NC，mechanical withdrawal threshold before operation，at 3，6，24，48，72 hours after operation in Group D was significantly lower（P < 0.05），VAS of rest/exercise pain at 3，6，12，24，48，72 hours after operation in Group D was significantly higher（P < 0.05），the consumption of sufentanil in Group D increased significantly at 3， 6 12，48 and 72 hours after operation（P < 0.05）and the total number of compressions and the number of effective compressions of the PCA analgesic pump increased significantly within 72 hours after operation（P < 0.05）. There was no significant difference in serum levels of IL⁃6，TNF⁃αand IL⁃10 before and 3h after operation between the two groups. At 6th months after operation，the incidence and intensity of postoperative chronic pain in Group D was significantly higher（P < 0.05）. Conclusions The intensity of acute pain after total knee replacement and the inci⁃ dence and intensity of chronic pain in diabetic patients are higher than non⁃diabetic patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of external anal sphincter injection of botulinum toxin in modified Bacon surgery for low rectal cancer. Methods Clinical medical records of eligible patients with low rectal cancer admitted to our hospital from June 2016 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them，43 patients underwent modified Bacon combined with botulinum toxin，and 36 patients underwent modified Bacon. The operative time，intraoperative blood loss，postoperative first exhaust time，length of hospital stay， postoperative incidence of complications such as abdominal pelvic infection，respiratory tract infection，intestinal obstruction，external intestinal necrosis，anal stenosis，and postoperative LARS score and LARS grading were compared between the two groups. Results Both groups of patients completed the operation successfully，without intraoperative or postoperative death. The differences in gender，age，BMI，anesthesia ASA score，tumor diameter， distance from tumor to anal margin and tumor stage between the two groups are meaningless（P > 0.05）. There were no significant differences in operative time，intraoperative blood loss，postoperative first exhaust time and hospital stay between the two groups（P > 0.05）. The difference in the incidence of postoperative complications such as abdominal pelvic infection，respiratory tract infection and intestinal obstruction between the two groups is meaningless（P > 0.05）. There was no statistical difference in LARS score and LARS grading between the two groups. The incidence of external intestinal necrosis and anal stenosis in botulinum toxin group was lower than that in modified B group（P < 0.05）. Conclusions For patients with low rectal cancer who will undergo modified Bacon operation，preoperative injection of botulinum toxin into the external anal sphincter can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative colon ischemic necrosis and anal stricture，and has the same effect as conventional surgery in intraoperative and postoperative complications and anal function recovery. 

Objective To investigate the expression of GNA15 in peripheral blood in children with severe asthma（SA）and its prognostic value. Methods The dataset GSE27011 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus（GEO）of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the United States. The key gene GNA15 was obtained by bioinformatics analysis. The medical records and blood samples of children were collected，and the expression levels of GNA15，inflammatory factors IL⁃4 and IL17 in peripheral blood，and respiratory function indexes were detected. The obtained data were used for univariate and multivariate analysis on prognosis assessment of children with SA.The receiver operating characteristic curve（ROC）was used to evaluate the efficacy of blood GNA15 in predicting SA children with poor prognosis. Results The expressions of GNA15 in peripheral mononu⁃ clear cells were gradually increased in the control group，MA group and SA group. The results of univariate analysis showed that GNA15 was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in SA children（OR = 5.117）. GNA15 had a good efficacy in predicting poor prognosis of SA，with a sensitivity of 0.733，specificity of 0.879，and accuracy of 0.820. Conclusions GNA15 was highly expressed in peripheral blood，predicting a poor prognosis in children with SA.

Objective The study aimed to observe the clinical effect of morphine sulfate sustained⁃release tablets combined with acupuncture on cancer pain. Methods A total of seventy patients with cancer pain admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021 were randomly divided into control group and observation group. There were 35 cases in each group respectively. The control group was treated with morphine sulfate sustained ⁃ release tablets and the observation group with acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli，Baihui and Ashi points. NRS and KPS were applied to evaluate the pain and quality of life. The daily drug use，pain relief rate and incidence of adverse reactions after treatment were analyzed. Results The effective rate in observation group was 91.43%，which was higher than 82.86% in control group（Z = 12.120，P = 0.007）. After treatment，the NRS score and KPS score in observation group were lower than those in control group（P < 0.05）. Compared with the data before treatment，the daily dosage of morphine sulfate sustained ⁃ release tablets in the observation group was basically maintained，while the dosage of drugs in the control group was significantly increased. The incidence of adverse reactions was 48.57% in observation group and 77.14% in control group. Conclusion Acupuncture and moxibustion combined with morphine sulfate sustained⁃release tablets could relieve cancer pain，improve the quality of life of patients，reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and had high safety，which was worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To study the correlation between alveolar nitric oxide（CaNO）and small airway function in asthmatic patients with acute exacerbation and the influencing factors of alveolar nitric oxide. Methods We retrospectively selected a total of 116 acute onset asthmatic patients who were admitted into Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of our hospital from September 2019 to August 2021. The exhaled nitric oxide （NO）concentration was determined，and the concentration of NO in the alveolar（CaNO）and central airway（FeNO） was recorded. Lung function and peripheral blood eosinophils count（EOS）were tested and recorded as the observation indexes. The correlation between CaNO with small airway function in asthmatic patients and the influencing factors of CaNO were analyzed. Results CaNO was negatively correlated with MMEF%pred，FEF75%pred and FEF50%pred in acute onset asthmatic patients（r = -0.281，-0.236，-0.272，P < 0.05），but not correlated with FeNO and EOS； FeNO was positively correlated with EOS，MMEF%pred，FEF75%pred，FEF50%pred（r = 0.283，0.194，0.211，0.186， P < 0.05）. FeNO and FEF75%pred of smoking⁃asthmatic patients were lower than non⁃smokers（P < 0.05），and there was no statistical difference in CaNO between the two groups（P > 0.05）；There were negatively correlations between CaNO with MMEF%pred and FEF50%pred in non⁃smoking group（P < 0.05），but CaNO was not correlated with the parameters of small airway function in smoking group（P > 0.05）. Allergic rhinitis was the independent influencing factor of the level of CaNO in asthmatic patients. The levels of FeNO and CaNO in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis were higher than those without allergic rhinitis（P < 0.05）. There were negatively correlations between CaNO with the parameters of small airway function both in non⁃allergic rhinitis group and allergic rhinitis group（P < 0.05）. Conclusions The concentration of NO in different parts of the airway is different in asthmatic patients. To some extent，CaNO can evaluate small airway obstruction in asthmatic patients，and it is more valuable among non⁃smokers. Allergic rhinitis is the influencing factor of CaNO and exacerbates small airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. 

Objective To summarize the latest clinical application characteristics，influencing factors and therapeutic effects of umbilical cord blood（UCB）in Guangdong province，by using the clinical application data from Institution of Guangdong Cord Blood Bank. Methods The clinical application data on 2 132 cord blood samples from Institution of Guangdong Cord Blood Bank from 2007 to 2020 were statistically analyzed，including the types of diseases treated with umbilical cord blood，indexes of cord blood quality，implantation situation after application，and overall survival rate. Results The main disorders treated with UCB from the public banks in Guangdong were blood diseases（87.3%）. There were significant differences in disease type，application area， sex，mononuclear cell number，treatment type and human leukocyte antigen（HLA）⁃matched condition（P < 0.01）. The overall survival rate in the second year was significantly correlated with disease type ，treatment type and implantation status（P < 0.01）. In addition to hematologic diseases，autologous UCB was mostly used in nerve regeneration. Classification of the diseases treated with autologous cord blood was significantly correlated with gender，age，body weight，TNC and frozen blood volume（P < 0.01）. Conclusions The diseases clinically treated with UCB are related to multiple factors such as application area and gender. UCB is mainly used for blood diseas⁃ es，and gradually extended to apply to the treatment of nerve regeneration，showing great potential of cord blood in clinical treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound⁃guided anterior quadratuslumborum block at lateral supra arcuate ligament on postoperative pain and early recovery in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Methods Eighty patients aged 65 to 75，ASA grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ，scheduled for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy were randomly divided into two groups（n = 40）：an anterior quadratuslumborum block at lateral supra⁃arcuate ligament group（group Q）and a control group（group C）. The rate of remedial analgesia，the Visual analogue scale（VAS）score，the effective pressing times of patient⁃controlled analgesia（PCA）in 48 hours after surgery，and uses of intraoperative anesthetic dosage and the early recovery indexes were recorded in both groups. Results The rate of remedial analgesia in 48 hours after surgery and the VAS score at postoperative hours 1，12，24 and 48 were significantly lower in group Q than in group C（P < 0.05）. The effective pressing times of PCA were significantly fewer in group Q than in group C（P < 0.05）. The cumulative uses of remifentanil and the incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly lower in group Q than in group C（P < 0.05）. The awakening time，initial time to getting out of bed，and postoperative hospital stay were significantly shorter in group Q than in group C（P < 0.05）. Conclusions Ultrasound guided anterior quadratuslumborum block at lateral supra arcuate ligament can markedly relieve perioperative pain，reduce uses of perioperative analgesic dosage and the incidence of nausea and vomiting，and accelerate the early recovery in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.