实用医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11): 1760-1766.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5725.2025.11.022

• 综述 • 上一篇    

过敏原特异性免疫治疗的研究进展

胡泽功1,白燕1,2()   

  1. 1.华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院儿科 (湖北 武汉 430022 )
    2.深圳市第三人民医院儿科 (广东 深圳 518112 )
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-05 出版日期:2025-06-10 发布日期:2025-06-19
  • 通讯作者: 白燕 E-mail:yanbai13032@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(82070023)

Research advances in allergen-specific immunotherapy

Zegong HU1,Yan BAI1,2()   

  1. *.Department of Pediatrics,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430022,Hubei,China
  • Received:2025-01-05 Online:2025-06-10 Published:2025-06-19
  • Contact: Yan BAI E-mail:yanbai13032@163.com

摘要:

过敏性疾病是全球性的健康问题,过敏原特异性免疫治疗(AIT)作为一线治疗方法,是唯一能够改变过敏性疾病自然进程的疗法。本文将系统地总结近年来AIT领域取得的显著进展,包括新的免疫疗法路线、生物制剂和佐剂的应用,过敏原制剂的开发,以及疗效检测和不良反应防治。新的免疫疗法路线,包括淋巴结注射、扁桃体注射、表皮给药、鼻黏膜给药等,显示出安全性、有效性和更高的患者依从性。生物制剂,如奥马珠单抗、度普利尤单抗和特泽鲁单抗等,通过各自独特的抗过敏机制,在与AIT联合使用中,减少了不良反应并优化了治疗方案。佐剂的应用是提高AIT疗效的另一策略,β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖和CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-ODN)和新的递送系统如脂质体、纳米颗粒等能够刺激机体增强免疫反应,促进免疫耐受,增强AIT的疗效。过敏原制剂如重组过敏原通过基因工程技术生产,具有高纯度和一致性,为AIT提供了更一致的治疗效果。因此,本文综述了多种方式对提高AIT疗效的最新进展,旨在对过敏性疾病的治疗提供新的视角。

关键词: 过敏原特异性免疫治疗, 佐剂, 单克隆抗体, 重组过敏原

Abstract:

Allergic diseases represent a significant global health challenge, and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), as a first-line treatment, is the only therapeutic approach capable of altering the natural course of these diseases. This article provides a systematic review of the major advancements in AIT over recent years, encompassing novel routes of administration, the integration of biologics and adjuvants, advancements in allergen preparation, strategies for adverse reaction prevention and management, and efficacy evaluation methods. Among the new routes of administration, intratympanic, intratonsillar, epicutaneous, and intranasal immunotherapies have demonstrated safety, efficacy, and enhanced patient adherence. Biologics such as omalizumab, dupilumab, and Tezepelumab, each with distinct anti-allergic mechanisms, reduce adverse reactions and optimize outcomes when combined with AIT. The use of adjuvants represents another strategy to enhance AIT efficacy; agents like β-glucans, mannan, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), liposomes, and nanoparticles stimulate immune responses, promote immune tolerance, and improve the therapeutic effects of AIT. Recombinant allergens, produced through genetic engineering, offer high purity and consistency, providing more reliable and reproducible therapeutic results for AIT. In summary, this review highlights the latest developments in various approaches aimed at enhancing AIT efficacy, offering new insights into the treatment of allergic diseases.

Key words: allergen-specific immunotherapy, adjuvants, monoclonal antibody, recombinant allergens

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