Glial cells in the central nervous system（CNS）are not only nutritive and supportive cells，but also the important cells triggering neuroinflammatory response. Acute inflammatory response is generally conducive to repair of tissue damage and to clearance of cell debris and pathogens. However，chronic neuroinflammation is a risk factor for various diseases，such as neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocyte and microglia are two types of the most important glial cell in CNS neuroinflammation. They not only undergo dynamic phenotypic changes and secrete cytokines，but also have a close interaction with each other. In this review，we first provide an overview of the recent progress of research on astrocytes and microglia，then highlight the dual role of astrocyte ⁃microglia crosstalk in CNS neuroinflammation，and finally discuss their effects on neurodegenerative diseases in details. The analysis of this dynamic regulatory relationship is helpful for further understanding of the dual role of neuroinflamma⁃ tion and providing a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other neu⁃ rological disorders.