Objective To investigate the efficacy of Diyu Shengbai Tablets in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor （G-CSF） in treating neutropenia after chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL）. Methods This study encompassed 148 children diagnosed with ALL who developed chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. These children were randomly allocated to either receiveG-CSF alone （control group， n = 74） or G-CSF in combination with Diyu Shengbai Tablets （observation group， n = 74）. The dosage and duration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor （rhG-CSF） were meticulously recorded. The counts of white blood cells （WBC）， neutrophils （NE）， red blood cells （RBC）， and platelets （PLT） in the peripheral blood were precisely detected prior to treatment and on the 4th， 8th， 14th， and 21st days subsequent to treatment. A comparison was made between the two groups regarding alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， creatinine （Cre）， and blood urea nitrogen （Urea） levels before and after treatment. The occurrence of adverse reactions such as bone pain， fever， and rash was also recorded. Results In comparison with the control group， the observation group needed a lower dosage and a shorter duration of rhG-CSF. Moreover， on days 4， 8， 14， and 21， they exhibited significantly higher counts of WBC， NE， RBC， and PLT， along with lower levels of ALT， AST， Cre， and urea. This indicates enhanced efficacy and an improved safety profile （P < 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups （P > 0.05）. Conclusion Diyu Shengbai Tablets in combination with G-CSF can more rapidly elevate the level of peripheral blood granulocytes during the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in children with ALL， and it does not place an additional burden on liver and kidney functions.