Objective To investigate the effects of neural stem cell⁃derived exosomes（NSC⁃Exos）on TGF⁃ β1 signal transduction and inflammatory factors in astrocytes during cerebral ischemia ⁃ reperfusion injury in rats. Methods 40 SD rats were randomly divided into Sham group，MCAO group，PBS group and NSC ⁃Exos group. The rat model of MCAO was established. NSC⁃Exos was injected into right lateral ventricle. After 3 days，the neural deficit score was performed，and the brain was taken for relative infarct volume determined，histopathology and expression detection of IL⁃6，IL⁃1β，and TGF⁃β1 protein respectively. The colocalization of MAP⁃2 and exosome⁃ labeled probe PKH26 was detected. Results NSC ⁃Exos intervention could reduce the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume（P < 0.05），increase the number of neurons，reduce the expression rate of GFAP positive cells and neuronal apoptosis index（P < 0.05），and decrease the expression of protein IL⁃6 and IL⁃1β. TGF⁃ β1 expression was increased（P < 0.05）. PKH26 and MAP ⁃2 positive cells were colocalized in CA3 region of hippocampus. Conclusions NSC⁃Exos may inhibit TGF⁃β1 signaling in astrocytes and repair brain injury by reducing astrogliosis and expression of inflammatory factors while enhancing the expression of TGF⁃β1.