In recent years，the research on the heath and disease of the human microbiome has shed new light on many fields of clinical medicine.New research shows that gut microbiome is correlated with anesthetics and analgesics，perioperative outcomes，intensive care and postoperative pain，indicating potential clinical applica⁃ tions in different clinical fields. However，little is known about the role of gut microbiota in anesthesia and pain. In this paper，we have reviewed the basic concept of human gut microbiome，the possible mechanisms that affect hosts and the ways and means to intervene microorganisms for treatment，and summarized the evidence that gut microbiome is linked with anesthesia.