Objective To explore the relationship between early spontaneous abortion and chromosome variation by analyzing the types，incidence and the distribution between males and females of chromosome variation in couples with spontaneous abortion in Jiangxi province. Methods 997 couples（1 994 cases）with spontaneous abortion were divided into 4 groups：1 abortion，2 abortions，3 abortions and ≥ 4 abortions. Chromosome karyotype was detected and statistically analyzed. Results （1）The chromosome variation rate was 13.94%（139/997）， including 83 cases of chromosome polymorphism and 56 cases of chromosome aberration，of which balanced trans⁃ location accounted for 55.36%（31/56）of the total aberration.（2）There was no significant difference in chromosomal variation types between male and female with one abortion（P > 0.05）. But there was a significant difference in abnormal chromosome structure between couples who miscarried ≥ 2 times and those who miscarried once（P < 0.05）. The chromosomal polymorphism of couples with ≥ 4 abortions was significantly different from that of other groups （P < 0.05）.（3）The chromosomal aberration rate was increased with the abortion times within 3 times，and the correlation between the two was statistically significant（OR = 1.648，95%CI：1.163 ~ 2.334，P < 0.05）. Conclusion Chromo⁃ some translocation is the main genetic factor causing recurrent abortion. The chromosomal aberration rate is positively correlated with the abortion times within 3 times. For couples with recurrent abortion，routine chromosome examina⁃ tion shall be carried out，and couples with abortion ≥ 4 times shall pay attention to the genetic effect of chromo⁃ some polymorphism to assess the risk of reproduction.