实用医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (10): 1681-1691.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5725.2026.10.001
• 专题报道:糖尿病 •
收稿日期:2025-11-26
出版日期:2026-05-25
发布日期:2026-05-27
通讯作者:
田利民
E-mail:tlm7066@sina.com
基金资助:
Mengmeng SHANG1,Jie DENG2,Limin TIAN1(
)
Received:2025-11-26
Online:2026-05-25
Published:2026-05-27
Contact:
Limin TIAN
E-mail:tlm7066@sina.com
摘要:
成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病(latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,LADA)是自身免疫性糖尿病的一种特殊亚型。该疾病以自身免疫介导的β细胞功能进行性衰退为核心特征,微血管病变呈现出特殊的病理进程和临床特点。LADA患者微血管并发症的发生发展与基因分型、自身免疫机制及生物标志物等多种因素相关,探究其潜在机制及其临床特点,对于早期识别高风险人群、制定个体化干预策略以及延缓并发症进展具有重要的临床意义。本综述对近年来LADA微血管并发症领域的研究进展进行梳理整合,旨在系统阐明其发生发展规律,为早期风险预警、个体化治疗及改善患者预后提供理论支撑与临床指引。
中图分类号:
尚萌萌,邓婕,田利民. 成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病微血管并发症研究进展[J]. 实用医学杂志, 2026, 42(10): 1681-1691.
Mengmeng SHANG,Jie DENG,Limin TIAN. Recent advances in microvascular complications of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults[J]. The Journal of Practical Medicine, 2026, 42(10): 1681-1691.
表1
LADA微血管并发症的临床特征与筛查建议"
| 微血管并发症 | 特征性临床表现 | 分层筛查与管理建议 |
|---|---|---|
LADA 肾病 | 早期:常无自觉症状,或仅表现为间断性微量白蛋白尿。中后期出现持续性蛋白尿(可能为大量蛋白尿)、水肿、高血压进行性加重、肾小球滤过率进行性下降。晚期呈现肾功能不全及尿毒症相应症状[ | 筛查:确诊后应每年至少进行1次全面的并发症筛查,包括尿白蛋白/肌酐比值和血肌酐。对于病程> 5年、GADA高滴度、或合并高血压/血糖控制不佳等高危因素者,建议缩短筛查间隔,如每6个月评估1次[ 管理:早期应严格控糖,糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)应控制在7%以下;同时积极管理血压及血脂。基础治疗:一旦出现微量白蛋白尿,应考虑启动肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)抑制剂治疗。对于已合并慢性肾脏病的LADA患者,推荐首选钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors,SGLT2i)或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,GLP-1RA),以延缓肾病进展[ |
LADA 视网膜病变 | 非增殖期早期常无症状,或偶有视物模糊、飞蚊症。眼底可见微动脉瘤、点状出血、硬性渗出。增殖期视力明显下降、视物变形、视野缺损。眼底出现新生血管、玻璃体积血、纤维增殖,甚至视网膜脱离[ | 筛查:确诊后应尽快完成首次全面眼科评估(包括散瞳眼底检查)。此后,若无视网膜病变,建议每1 ~ 2年复查1次;若发现非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变,建议每6 ~ 12个月复查;若已进入增殖期或存在高风险特征(如黄斑水肿),需遵眼科医嘱加强随访,通常每3 ~ 6个月复查或更频繁[ 管理:严格控制血糖(HbA1c < 7%)与血压是预防和延缓视网膜病变进展的基石。一旦发现威胁视力的病变,如临床有意义的黄斑水肿或增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变,必须立即转诊至眼科专科。治疗应遵循眼科规范,包括抗血管内皮生长因子药物注射、视网膜激光光凝及必要时的玻璃体视网膜手术[ |
LADA 神经病变 | 周围神经病变:对称性肢体远端(足部多见)感觉异常(麻木、蚁走感)、疼痛(灼痛、刺痛)、感觉减退或缺失。后期可出现肌肉无力、萎缩、足部溃疡及夏科氏关节[ 自主神经病变:可表现为直立性低血压、静息性心动过速、胃轻瘫(早饱、腹胀、恶心)、便秘或腹泻、排汗异常、膀胱功能障碍等[ | 筛查:确诊后,特别对病程5年以上的患者,应每年至少进行1次全面的神经系统及足部并发症筛查。评估应包括足部形态、皮肤完整性以及简单的感觉神经功能检查。对于已出现神经病变症状(如疼痛、麻木、感觉异常)或属于高危(如血糖控制不佳、合并其他微血管并发症)的患者,建议由专科医师进一步评估,可考虑进行更详细的检查,如心脏自主神经功能或小纤维神经功能评估[ 管理:严格控制血糖(HbA1c < 7%),以延缓病变进展。针对疼痛、胃肠功能紊乱、直立性低血压等具体症状进行治疗。加强足部护理教育,以预防溃疡和截肢[ |
表2
经典T1DM、LADA与T2DM微血管并发症风险模式对比"
| 糖尿病类型 | 微血管并发症的总体风险模式 | 临床特征 |
|---|---|---|
| 经典T1DM | 早期高风险,持续存在 | 病理核心:诊断初期即存在的绝对胰岛素缺乏。 |
| 风险轨迹:风险在诊断后即处于高位,并贯穿整个病程。长期队列研究显示,即使病程超过50年,患者仍面临极高的微血管并发症风险[ | ||
| LADA | 早期隐匿,后期激增 | 病理核心:自身免疫介导的β细胞进行性衰竭,兼具胰岛素抵抗。 |
| 风险轨迹:早期因残存β细胞功能及相对良性的代谢谱,风险显著低于T2DM;随病程延长(通常> 5年),β细胞功能衰退导致血糖控制系统性恶化,微血管风险急剧攀升,甚至超越T1DM与T2DM[ | ||
| T2DM | 持续上升,与多重代谢因素平行 | 病理核心:以胰岛素抵抗为核心,伴随肥胖、高血压、血脂异常等代谢综合征。 |
| 风险轨迹:在诊断时即已存在,并随病程持续上升,年龄、高血压、高血脂等多重危险因素共同驱动[ |
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