人体的气道、肠道都定植有大量的微生物，近年来研究发现气道、肠道菌群的变化影响慢阻肺急性发作的频率和严重程度，而肠道菌群的代谢产物又能经“肠⁃肺轴”参与调节慢阻肺患者肺部炎症和免疫反应。本文旨在对慢阻肺患者气道、肠道菌群在不同病程阶段的组成、多样性的改变，以及吸烟、治疗方式等对其的影响进行综述，以期为慢阻肺的治疗提供新方向。

The airways and intestines of the human body are colonized with a large number of microorgan⁃isms. In recent years，studies have found that changes in the airways and intestinal flora affect the frequency andseverity of acute COPD attacks，and the metabolites of the intestinal flora is involved in the regulation of lunginflammation and immune response in patients with COPD，via the“gut⁃lung axis”. This article aims to review thecomposition and diversity of the lung and gut microbiome of COPD patients in different stages of the disease1course，as well as the effects of smoking and treatment methods on them，in order to provide a new direction forthe treatment of COPD.