目的 研究广州地区变应性鼻炎儿童的常见过敏原类型与分布特点。 方法 回顾性分析2018年8月至2023年4月就诊于广州市越秀区儿童医院的变应性鼻炎患儿的诊疗资料，以及血清吸入性、食入性过敏原的sIgE检测结果，对比性分析不同性别、年龄、居住地患儿的sIgE检测阳性率差异。 结果 共2 197例变应性鼻炎儿童纳入分析，前3位吸入性过敏原sIgE阳性率为屋尘螨/粉尘螨（47.29%）、狗毛皮屑（14.52%）和猫毛皮屑（10.79%），前3位食入性过敏原sIgE阳性率为牛奶（3.10%）、蛋清/蛋黄（3.05%）和虾（2.46%）。男性患儿的粉尘螨/屋尘螨过敏原sIgE阳性率高于女性患儿（P < 0.05），狗毛皮屑过敏原sIgE阳性率低于女性患儿（P < 0.05）；城镇居住患儿的粉尘螨/屋尘螨、虾、蟹的过敏原sIgE阳性率显著高于农村患儿（P < 0.05），而蟑螂、点青霉/烟曲霉/交链孢霉、豚草、猫毛皮屑、狗毛皮屑和梧桐的过敏原sIgE阳性率均低于农村患儿（P < 0.05）；随着患儿年龄增长，粉尘螨/屋尘螨过敏原sIgE阳性率逐渐升高（P < 0.05），而点青霉/烟曲霉/交链孢霉及各类食入性过敏原sIgE的阳性率下降（P < 0.05）。 结论 广州地区儿童变应性鼻炎患儿的吸入性过敏原以屋尘螨/粉尘螨为主，食入性过敏原以牛奶为主，吸入性过敏原致病患儿多于食入性过敏原；不同年龄、性别、居住地的患儿，过敏原分布存在差异。

Objective To investigate the types and distribution characteristics of common allergens among pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis in Guangzhou. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on the clinical data and the results of serum specific IgE （sIgE） tests for inhalant and food allergens of children diagnosed with allergic rhinitis at Yuexiu District Children’s Hospital of Guangzhou between August 2018 and April 2023. The differences in sIgE-positive rates among children were compared based on genders， ages， and residential areas. Results A total of 2197 children diagnosed with allergic rhinitis were incorporated into the analysis. Among inhalant allergens， the top three with the highest sIgE-positive rates were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/Dermatophagoides farinae （house dust mites） （47.29%）， dog dander （14.52%）， and cat dander （10.79%）. Among food allergens， the top three with the highest sIgE-positive rates were cow′s milk （3.10%）， egg white/egg yolk （3.05%）， and shrimp （2.46%）. Male patients exhibited a significantly higher sIgE-positive rate for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/Dermatophagoides farinae （house dust mites） compared to female patients （P < 0.05）， yet had a significantly lower sIgE-positive rate for dog dander （P < 0.05）. Patients residing in urban areas had significantly higher sIgE- positive rates for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/Dermatophagoides farinae （house dust mites）， shrimp， and crab than those in rural areas （P < 0.05）. Conversely， their positive rates for cockroach， Penicillium notatum/Aspergillus fumigatus/Alternaria alternata， ragweed， cat dander， dog dander， and plane tree pollen were all significantly lower than those of rural patients （P < 0.05）. As age increased， the sIgE-positive rate for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/Dermatophagoides farinae （house dust mites） gradually rose （P < 0.05）， while the positive rates for Penicillium notatum/Aspergillus fumigatus/Alternaria alternata and various food allergens declined （P < 0.05）. Conclusions Among pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis in Guangzhou， the predominant inhalant allergen is the house dust mite， and the primary food allergen is cow′s milk. The number of patients affected by inhalant allergens is greater than that of those affected by food allergens. Moreover， the distribution of allergens differs among patients of different ages， genders， and residential areas.