《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2024》近期发布，报告中全面、详细地展示了我国目前心血管疾病及其相关危险因素的现状。报告显示，我国心血管疾病（CVD）的发病数、发病率、标化发病率持续呈上升趋势，其中动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病（ASCVD）是构成CVD死亡负担的重要原因。ASCVD可防可控，但报告中显示ASCVD的关键危险因素（吸烟、肥胖、高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病等）的控制水平仍有待改善。本文旨在系统总结针对ASCVD各关键危险因素的流行、管理现状与防控建议，希望借此提醒临床医生不仅要治疗ASCVD，更要指导患者防治ASCVD的关键危险因素，以期降低ASCVD的患病率和死亡率。

The China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report 2024 has recently been released， offering a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the current status of cardiovascular diseases （CVD） and their associated risk factors in China. The report reveals that the number of CVD cases， as well as the overall and age-standardized incidence rates， continue to increase. Among these conditions， atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease （ASCVD） constitutes a major contributor to CVD-related mortality. Although ASCVD is largely preventable and controllable， the management of key modifiable risk factors?such as smoking， obesity， hypertension， dyslipidemia， and diabetes?remains suboptimal. This article systematically summarizes the prevalence， current management practices， and evidence-based prevention strategies for each major ASCVD risk factor， aiming to reinforce for clinicians the importance of not only treating established ASCVD but also proactively guiding patients in the prevention and control of its underlying risk factors， thereby reducing the overall burden of ASCVD in terms of both prevalence and mortality.