The relationship between normal high blood pressure and grade 1 hypertension in early pregnancy and maternal preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Received date: 2024-12-25
Online published: 2025-05-21
目的 探讨妊娠早期正常高值血压和1级高血压对孕产妇子痫前期(PE)及妊娠不良结局的影响。 方法 应用回顾性队列研究方法,纳入2020年3月至2023年11月在十堰市妇幼保健院分娩的孕产妇2 562例作为研究对象。收集孕产妇的产前检查资料及分娩病历资料。根据孕产妇妊娠20周前血压测量数值将其分为3组:正常血压(n = 2 029):收缩压< 120 mmHg和(或)舒张压< 80 mmHg;正常高值血压(n = 375):收缩压120 ~ 139 mmHg和(或)舒张压80 ~ 89 mmHg;1级高血压(n = 158):收缩压140 ~ 159 mmHg和(或)舒张压90 ~ 99 mmHg。对比分析3组孕产妇的PE发病率及妊娠不良结局[包括剖宫产、胎盘早剥、自发性早产(37周前分娩)、产后出血、孕20周后死胎、阿氏评分< 7、新生儿入住NICU、小于胎龄儿、巨大儿、出生28 d内死亡]。应用Cox回归探讨妊娠早期血压水平对孕产妇PE及妊娠不良结局的影响。 结果 (1)正常高值血压孕产妇PE发生风险是正常血压孕产妇的2.163倍(95%CI: 1.228 ~ 3.809,P = 0.007)、剖宫产率是其1.341倍(95%CI: 0.528~3.405,P = 0.537)、胎盘早剥率是其1.016倍(95%CI: 0.925 ~ 1.115,P = 0.740)、阿氏评分< 7比率是其1.422倍(95%CI: 0.976 ~ 2.071,P = 0.066)、自发性早产是其1.027倍(95%CI: 0.925 ~ 1.140,P = 0.617)、产后出血是其1.141倍(95%CI: 0.873 ~ 1.491,P = 0.334)、孕20周后死胎是其1.276倍(95%CI: 0.980 ~ 1.661,P = 0.070)、新生儿入住NICU是其1.301倍(95%CI: 0.674 ~ 2.511,P = 0.432)、小于胎龄儿是其1.089倍(95%CI: 0.927 ~ 1.279,P = 0.299)、巨大儿是其1.336倍(95%CI: 0.824 ~ 2.166,P = 0.240)、出生28 d内死亡是其1.275倍(95%CI: 0.918 ~ 1.770,P = 0.147);(2)相较于正常血压孕产妇,1级高血压孕产妇PE发生风险是其3.829倍(95%CI: 1.749 ~ 8.385,P < 0.001)、剖宫产率是其2.414倍(95%CI: 1.298 ~ 4.489,P = 0.005)、胎盘早剥率是其2.537倍(95%CI: 1.196 ~ 5.384,P = 0.015)、阿氏评分< 7率是其1.829倍(95%CI: 1.069~3.130,P = 0.027)、自发性早产是其1.404倍(95%CI: 0.713 ~ 2.764,P = 0.326)、产后出血是其1.236倍(95%CI: 0.845 ~ 1.807,P = 0.274)、孕20周后死胎是其1.076倍(95%CI: 0.902 ~ 1.283,P = 0.415)、新生儿入住NICU是其1.346倍(95%CI: 0.873 ~ 2.075,P = 0.178)、小于胎龄儿是其1.417倍(95%CI: 0.926 ~ 2.168,P = 0.108)、巨大儿是其1.235倍(95%CI: 0.629 ~ 2.424,P = 0.539)、出生28 d内死亡是其1.414倍(95%CI: 0.826 ~ 2.417,P = 0.206)。(3)ROC分析得出,阳性样本为正常高值血压群体(n = 375)时,妊娠早期血压值(阈值139/89)对PE的预测/评估效能AUC为0.757。阳性样本为1级高血压群体(n = 158)时,妊娠早期血压值(阈值159/99)对PE、剖宫产、胎盘早剥、阿氏评分< 7等4种不良结局情况的预测/评估效能AUC分别为0.789、0.717、0.709、0.742。 结论 相较于血压正常孕产妇,妊娠20周前血压正常高值和1级高血压均会增加孕产妇的PE发病率;1级高血压还会增加不良妊娠结局指标如剖宫产、胎盘早剥、阿氏评分低的发病率。
刘俊 , 田福林 , 陈琳 , 李健 . 妊娠早期正常高值血压和1级高血压与孕产妇子痫前期及妊娠不良结局的关系[J]. 实用医学杂志, 2025 , 41(10) : 1555 -1562 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5725.2025.10.018
Objective To investigate the effects of normal-high blood pressure and Grade 1 hypertension during early pregnancy on preeclampsia (PE) and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted, enrolling 2,562 postpartum women who delivered at the Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from March 2020 to November 2023 as study participants. Prenatal examination data and delivery medical records were collected for analysis. Women were categorized into three groups based on blood pressure measurements taken before 20 weeks of gestation: normal blood pressure (n = 2 029): systolic blood pressure < 120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg; normal high blood pressure (n = 375): systolic blood pressure 120 ~ 139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 80 ~ 89 mmHg; and Level 1 hypertension (n = 158): systolic blood pressure 140 ~ 159 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 90 ~ 99 mmHg. The incidence rates of PE and adverse pregnancy outcomes (including cesarean section, placental abruption, spontaneous preterm delivery [before 37 weeks], postpartum hemorrhage, stillbirth after 20 weeks of gestation, Apgar score < 7, neonatal admission to the NICU, small for gestational age, macrosomia, and neonatal death within 28 days of birth) were compared and analyzed across the three groups. Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the impact of early pregnancy blood pressure levels on the risk of PE and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results (1) Women with normal high blood pressure had a 2.163-fold increased risk of PE compared to women with normal blood pressure (95%CI: 1.228 ~ 3.809, P = 0.007). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the rates of cesarean section (OR = 1.341, 95%CI: 0.528 ~ 3.405, P = 0.537), placental abruption (OR = 1.016, 95%CI: 0.925 ~ 1.115, P = 0.740), Apgar score <7 (OR = 1.422, 95%CI: 0.976 ~ 2.071, P = 0.066), spontaneous preterm birth (OR = 1.027, 95%CI: 0.925 ~ 1.140, P = 0.617), postpartum bleeding (OR = 1.141, 95%CI: 0.873 ~ 1.491, P = 0.334), stillbirth after 20 weeks of gestation (OR = 1.276, 95%CI: 0.980 ~ 1.661, P = 0.070), neonatal admission to NICU (OR = 1.301, 95%CI: 0.674 ~ 2.511, P = 0.432), small for gestational age (OR = 1.089, 95%CI: 0.927 ~ 1.279, P = 0.299), macrosomia (OR = 1.336, 95%CI: 0.824 ~ 2.166, P = 0.240), or neonatal death within 28 days of birth (OR = 1.275, 95%CI: 0.918 ~ 1.770, P = 0.147). (2) Compared to women with normal blood pressure, women with grade 1 hypertension had a significantly higher risk of preeclampsia (OR = 3.829, 95%CI: 1.749 ~ 8.385, P < 0.001), cesarean section (OR = 2.414, 95%CI: 1.298 ~ 4.489, P = 0.005), and placental abruption (OR = 2.537, 95%CI: 1.196 ~ 5.384, P = 0.015). Additionally, they had a higher rate of Apgar score < 7 (OR = 1.829, 95%CI: 1.069 ~ 3.130, P = 0.027). No statistically significant differences were observed for spontaneous preterm birth (OR = 1.404, 95%CI: 0.713 ~ 2.764, P = 0.326), postpartum bleeding (OR = 1.236, 95%CI: 0.845 ~ 1.807, P = 0.274), stillbirth after 20 weeks of gestation (OR = 1.076, 95%CI: 0.902 ~ 1.283, P = 0.415), neonatal admission to NICU (OR = 1.346, 95%CI: 0.873 ~ 2.075, P = 0.178), small for gestational age (OR = 1.417, 95%CI: 0.926 ~ 2.168, P = 0.108), macrosomia (OR = 1.235, 95%CI: 0.629 ~ 2.424, P = 0.539), or neonatal death within 28 days of birth (OR = 1.275, 95%CI: 0.918 ~ 1.770, P = 0.147). (3)ROC analysis shows that when the sample combination was normal high blood pressure(n = 375), the predictive/evaluative efficacy AUC of early pregnancy blood pressure values (threshold 139/89) for PE was 0.757. When the sample combination was level 1 hypertension(n = 158), the predictive/evaluative efficacy AUC of early pregnancy blood pressure values (threshold 159/99) for four adverse outcomes, including PE, cesarean section, placental abruption, and Asperger's score < 7, were 0.789, 0.717, 0.709, and 0.742, respectively. Conclusion Compared with pregnant and parturient women with normal blood pressure, having a normal high blood pressure or grade 1 hypertension before 20 weeks of pregnancy will significantly increase the risk of PE; in addition, grade 1 hypertension is also associated with a higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including cesarean section, placental abruption, and low Apgar score of the newborn.
Key words: early pregnancy; preeclampsia; blood pressure; adverse pregnancy outcomes
| 1 | 吕燕宇, 张兵, 王惠君, 等. 1991-2015年我国9省成年农民高血压患病率、知晓率和治疗率的变化趋势及人口经济学差异[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(4): 498-503. |
| 2 | BERHE A K, ILESANMI A O, AIMAKHU C O, et al. Effect of pregnancy induced hypertension on adverse perinatal outcomes in Tigray regional state, Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study[J]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2019, 20(1): 7. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2708-6 |
| 3 | TENóRIO M B, FERREIRA R C, MOURA F A, et al. Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Preeclampsia[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019,2019: 8238727. doi:10.1155/2019/8238727 |
| 4 | 谢幸, 孔北华, 段涛. 妇产科学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018. |
| 5 | 《中国高血压防治指南》修订委员会. 中国高血压防治指南2018年修订版[J]. 心脑血管病防治, 2019, 19(1): 1-44. |
| 6 | 赵睿学, 王停, 荆鲁, 等. 基于国内外新版高血压指南探讨高血压前期存在的问题与思考[J]. 实用心脑肺血管病杂志, 2022, 30(1): 1-5. |
| 7 | YANO Y, REIS J P, COLANGELO L A, et al. Association of Blood Pressure Classification in Young Adults Using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guideline With Cardiovascular Events Later in Life [J]. JAMA, 2018, 320(17): 1774-1782. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.13551 |
| 8 | 中华医学会妇产科学分会妊娠期高血压疾病学组. 妊娠期高血压疾病诊治指南(2015)[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2016, 19(3): 161-169. |
| 9 | 肖燕璇, 张立力, 黎嘉琪,等. 单胎子痫前期孕妇产前体质量指数与母婴结局关系探讨[J]. 实用医学杂志, 2023, 39(18): 2357-2361. |
| 10 | 王红,王静,申春华,等. 6892例高龄孕产妇不良妊娠结局危险因素分析[J]. 热带医学杂志,2019,19(2):226-228. |
| 11 | 季燕雯, 陈先侠, 王海霞, 等. 早发型子痫前期不良妊娠结局的影响因素分析[J]. 实用医学杂志, 2020, 36(12): 1590-1594. |
| 12 | 徐美春, 吕玲, 高冬霞. 心理压力、妊娠压力和慢性高血压及三者结合对子痫前期风险发病的评估[J]. 医学综述, 2015, 21(12): 2302-2303. |
| 13 | HE D, WU S, ZHAO H, et al. High normal blood pressure in early pregnancy also contribute to early onset preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia[J]. Clin Exp Hypertens, 2018, 40(6): 539-546. doi:10.1080/10641963.2017.1407330 |
| 14 | NOBLES C J, MENDOLA P, MUMFORD S L, et al. Preconception Blood Pressure and Its Change Into Early Pregnancy: Early Risk Factors for Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 2020, 76(3): 922-929. doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14875 |
| 15 | UEDA A, HASEGAWA M, MATSUMURA N, et al. Lower systolic blood pressure levels in early pregnancy are associated with a decreased risk of early-onset superimposed preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension: A multicenter retrospective study[J]. Hypertens Res, 2022 .45(1): 135-145. doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00763-6 |
| 16 | ZHU J, ZHANG J, NG M J, et al. Angiogenic factors during pregnancy in Asian women with elevated blood pressure in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia: A longitudinal cohort study[J].BMJ Open, 2019, 9(11): e032237. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032237 |
| 17 | 黄杨, 孟琳, 吕慧, 等. 血清PIGF、sFlt-1及PLGF水平对妊娠期高血压的预测效能及与子痫前期发病的关系[J]. 广东医学, 2023, 44(3): 284-287. |
| 18 | NOBLES C J, MENDOLA P, MUMFORD S L, et al. Preconception Blood Pressure and Its Change Into Early Pregnancy: Early Risk Factors for Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension [J]. Hypertension, 2020, 76(3): 922-929. doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14875 |
| 19 | WU Y, MA Y, WU K, et al. Blood pressure in early and mid-pregnancy and the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth: Findings of a large cohort study in China[J]. J Hum Hypertens, 2019, 33(6): 475-481. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0150-2 |
| 20 | LI Q, ZHENG L, GU Y, et al. Early pregnancy stage 1 hypertension and high mean arterial pressure increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Shanghai, China[J]. J Hum Hypertens, 2022, 36(10): 917-924. doi:10.1038/s41371-021-00523-6 |
| 21 | HEIMBERGER S, PERDIGAO J L, MUELLER A, et al. Effect of blood pressure control in early pregnancy and clinical outcomes in African American women with chronic hypertension[J]. Pregnancy Hypertens, 2020, 20: 102-107. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2020.03.008 |
| 22 | MA S, WU L, YU Q, et al. Associations Between Trajectory of Different Blood Pressure Components in Pregnancy and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes - A Real World Study[J]. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 2021, 14: 3255-3263. doi:10.2147/rmhp.s318956 |
| 23 | MA Y, ZHANG X, CHE Q, et al. Reference ranges and trajectories for blood pressure in pregnancy: Findings from a follow-up study based on China Maternal and Newborn's Health Monitoring System[J]. Hypertens Pregnancy, 2020, 39(2): 117-125. doi:10.1080/10641955.2020.1742350 |
| 24 | GUNDERSON E P, GREENBERG M, NGUYEN-HUYNH M N, et al. Early Pregnancy Blood Pressure Patterns Identify Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Among Racial and Ethnic Groups[J]. Hypertension, 2022, 79(3): 599-613. doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18568 |
| 25 | C?Té M, BOUTIN A, GASSE C, et al. First Trimester Mean Arterial Pressure Measured Manually Versus Using an Automated Device and the Prediction of Preeclampsia: A Case-Cohort Study [J]. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2020, 42(3): 277-283. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2019.06.017 |
| 26 | 王小兰, 杨舒盈, 曾雪英, 等. 孕期血压控制水平对轻中度慢性高血压孕妇妊娠结局的影响[J]. 中华高血压杂志, 2021, 29(3): 268-271. |
| 27 | LIN L, ZHU Y, LI B, et al. Low-dose aspirin in the prevention of pre-eclampsia in China (APPEC study): Protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial[J]. Trials, 2018, 19(1): 608. doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2970-3 |
| 28 | SHARMA S, SKOG J, TIMPKA S, et al. Preeclampsia and high blood pressure in early pregnancy as risk factors of severe maternal cardiovascular disease during 50-years of follow-up[J]. Pregnancy Hypertens, 2021, 26: 79-85. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.005 |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |