目的 比较颈椎过伸性损伤行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术与颈前路减压内固定术的疗效。方法 选取 2018 年 6 月至 2021 年 12 月医院骨科收治的 57 例颈椎过伸性损伤病患，33 例行颈椎后 路单开门椎管扩大成形术（A 组），24 例行颈前路减压内固定术（B 组）。回顾性分析比较两组的手术及术 后恢复指标，论述不同手术入路的疗效及安全性。结果 A 组手术时间、手术出血量、住院时间较 B 组更 少（P < 0.05）；A 组 JOA 评分及 Frankel 分级稍优于 B 组，融合节段高度与 Cobb 角稍高于 B 组，并发症率稍 低于 B 组，但均差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 颈椎过伸性损伤患者根据影像学检查结果，选择后 路单开门椎管扩大成形术或前路减压内固定术均能获得较理想疗效，但后路单开门的手术风险更小，减压更彻底，值得优先考虑。 

Objective To compare the efficacy of posterior cervical open door enlarged spinal canal plasty with anterior cervical decompression and internal fixation for cervical hyperextension injury. Methods Fifty⁃seven patients with cervical hyperextension injury admitted to the orthopedic department of the hospital from June 2018 to December 2021 were selected，with 33 patients who underwent posterior cervical single⁃opening spinal canal expan⁃ sion plasty（group A）and 24 patients who underwent anterior cervical decompression and internal fixation（group B）. We retrospectively analyzed and compared the surgical and postoperative recovery indexes of the two groups，while discussing the efficacy and safety of different surgical approaches. Results The operative time，surgical bleeding， and hospital stay were less in group A than in group B（P < 0.05）；the JOA score and Frankel classification were slightly better in group A than in group B，the fusion segment height and Cobb angle were slightly higher than in group B，and the complication rate was slightly lower than in group B，but none of them were statistically different （P > 0.05）. Conclusion In patients with cervical hyperextension injury，either posterior single⁃opening spinal canal enlargement plasty or anterior decompression internal fixation can achieve a better outcome according to the imaging findings，but posterior single ⁃opening has less surgical risk and more complete decompression，which is worth giving priority to.