肾结石是泌尿外科中最常见的病症之一，有着多发性和高复发的特征，给个人和社会都造 成了巨大的健康和经济负担。目前，肾结石的发生机制没有得到充分阐述，以致其预防效果不甚理想。 microRNA 是一种由内源性基因编码的，全长大约为 22 个核苷酸的单链非编码 RNA，主要通过促进靶基因 的降解和控制靶基因翻译来调控基因转录后的表达，参与了多种疾病的发生发展过程。近年来，越来越 多的研究发现 microRNA 在肾结石的形成过程中发挥了重要作用，有可能为肾结石的防治提供新的标志 物和治疗靶点。本文就 microRNA 在肾结石发病中的作用和研究进展进行综述，以提高人们对肾结石疾 病相关microRNA 诊疗价值的认识。

Kidney stone is one of the most common diseases in urology and it is reported with high incidence and recurrence rates，which results in heavy healthy and economic burden to individuals and societies. Mechanism underlying the stone formation has not been fully understood，so the current prevention from kidney stone disease is not satisfactory. microRNA is a kind of endogenous non coding single stranded RNA with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides. It can regulate the post transcriptional translation of various genes via promoting the degradation or inhibiting the translation of target mRNAs. MicroRNAs have been reported to participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In recent years，more and more studies report that microRNAs play an important role in the kidney stone formation，which may provide some new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for nephrolithiasis. This study concluded the role of microRNAs in kidney stone disease by reviewing the relevant literature on the disease，which aimed to improve the cognition about diagnostic and therapeutic value of kidney stone related⁃microRNAs.